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Terms in this set (100)What is social psychology? C) the study of the causes and consequences of people's thoughts, feelings, and actions regarding themselves and other people The earliest treatments of social psychology (such as the theories of Spencer and McDougal) tended to emphasize: B) an instinct-based view of human behavior. The notion that much of human social behavior is driven by the need to keep disturbing and antisocial bodily drives out of conscious awareness is critical to
which perspective? A) psychoanalysis Which of the following is true of the earliest versions of social psychology (the instinct-based and psychoanalytic approaches)? A) They were inspired by Darwin's ideas. Behaviorists emphasized that human behavior is driven primarily by: D) learning from past experiences. What phenomena were
behaviorists primarily interested in measuring? B) observable behaviors While social psychology in the first half of the 20th century tended to stress _____, social psychology from the second half of the 20th Century on stresses ______. D) broad views of human social behavior; specific, topic-based theories Which of the following events had a major influence on the history of social psychology? B) World War II What is the primary metaphor for the person in the social cognitive perspective? C) an information processor What
is the term for the way an individual understands his or her social world? A) social cognition Which of the following is NOT one of the following is NOT one of the major perspectives that provide an integrated view of human social behavior in contemporary social psychology? C) the instinct-based perspective The concept of adaptation is most central for which influential perspective in contemporary social psychology? B) the evolutionary perspective What does it mean to say that humans are cultural animals? A) Humans create their own symbolic conception of reality. Jeremiah has become deeply depressed because he feels like his life has no meaning. Which of the perspectives in contemporary social psychology is BEST suited to help us understand Jeremiah's experience? A) the existential perspective Which of the following techniques of measurement is NOT considered a key part of the neuroscience perspective in social psychology? C) assessing self-reported mental states Which of the following occurrences is the best example of the "power of the
situation"? B) Everyone in a library tends to be quiet. Which of the foundational thinkers
of social psychology argued that behavior is a function of the person and the situation? D) Kurt Lewin Consistent preferences, ways of thinking, and behavioral tendencies that manifest across different situations and over time are referred to as: A) dispositions. Carlos is a deeply introverted person. However, at a party with several of his friends he ends up talking more than he normally would. Nevertheless, he still talks less than most of his friends. What is the primary determinant of Carlos's behavior in this case? D) the interaction of the situation and his dispositions Which of the following assumptions is NOT one of the four core assumptions of social psychology? A) Behavior is determined exclusively by situations. Which of the following instances is an example of the way we use social comparisons to self-evaluate? C) A child thinks about how tall she is by looking around at the other children in her classroom. Akira got in a car accident recently. After assessing the situation, he believes that the accident was his fault. This is causing him to be constantly on the lookout for situations in which he might make a mistake, making him feel
continually nervous. What does this example BEST demonstrate? D) the powerful influence of social cognition What aspect of social psychology MOST distinguishes it from many other ways of understanding the causes and consequences of people's
social behavior, such as philosophy or general cultural knowledge? B) an emphasis on the scientific method Which theory suggests that people are like "intuitive
scientists," using reasoning and observation to understand the nature of the social world? D) attribution theory Leleti believes that her friend spilled soda all over her backpack in order to get revenge for a remark Leleti made a few days ago, even though her friend claims that the incident was an accident.
Leleti is making a: B) causal attribution. What is the definition of cultural knowledge? A) a store of information accumulated in a culture about how the world works Mbongeni has never seen a "germ," and he also hasn't read any of the medical research supporting germ theory. Since he doesn't have any medical education, he likely wouldn't be able to make sense of the
literature if he read it. However, Mbongeni believes that if he catches a cold, it is because of a germ. Mbongeni is relying on _____ to understand how colds happen. C) cultural knowledge A priori causal theories are: A) theories for explaining behavior acquired from culture or situationally salient factors. Which of the following is NOT a reason why people are often limited in their ability to explain their own
behavior? D) People have private access to their own memories and thoughts. Researchers Nisbett and Wilson found that when shoppers were asked to choose between different silk
stockings, the primary factor influencing their decision was the positioning of the stockings on the table. However, when asked why they chose the stockings they chose, the shoppers generated a variety of different reasons. This finding is evidence that: B) people rely on a priori causal theories to explain their behavior. What is one of the ultimate conclusions to be drawn from Nisbett and Wilson's research demonstrating people's reliance on a priori causal theories to explain their own behavior? A) While people have access to the products of their thought processes, they have little access to those processes themselves. The fact that people tend to seize onto quick and easy answers to questions, rather than expending cognitive effort, has led researchers to conclude that people are: C) cognitive misers. Confirmation bias is: B) the tendency to process information to conform to what we desire and expect. Lord and colleagues found that, after reading articles with research
that both supported and undermined the value of capital punishment, people with initially favorable attitudes believed capital punishment to be more effective, while those with initially negative attitudes believed it to be less so. This finding is evidence of: B) confirmation bias. Emiliano believes that dogs are better
than cats. He decides to search the Internet one day to see if his opinion is rooted in fact. He reads several articles that consider all sides of the matter, presenting a rather blurry picture of whether humans should prefer the company of dogs or cats. What does research suggest Emiliano is most likely to conclude based on reading all this new information? A) Dogs are better than cats. In a famous study, participants were told they were "teachers" in an experiment who were going to give instructions to a "learner." When the learner failed to do well, the participants were ordered to give the learner electric shocks. The learner was actually an actor working for the study, and not a real participant. The learner in this study was
what is called: A) a confederate. Which of the following reasons is NOT a reason why people are often limited in their ability to explain the causes of others' behavior? D) People spend as much cognitive energy as possible trying to uncover why a given situation happened. A study demonstrated that if a participant is being interviewed by a person who taps her feet, the participant is also more likely to
tap his feet; and if he is being interviewed by a person who scratches her head, the participant is also more likely to scratch his head. Which principle does this finding BEST demonstrate? B) The act of observing behavior can change that behavior. The process whereby scientists observe events, look for patterns, and evaluate theories proposed to explain those patterns is referred to as: A) research. Within the scientific method, a theory is: C) an explanation for how and why variables are related to each other. In the scientific method, _____ are derived from _____ in order to test the accuracy of
the latter. A) hypotheses; theories Scientists propose that the evolution of species occurs through the process of natural selection. If this is correct, then it should follow that members of a particular species of fruit fly will tend to differ genetically across generations from other members of
that species if the two sets are kept in radically different environments. In this example, the statement about how members of the fruit fly species will begin to differ can be referred to as: C) a hypothesis. An if-then statement which specifies what the relationships between variables should be like if a theory is correct is
called a _____. B) hypothesis Which of the following sequences BEST demonstrates the cycle of theory and research in science? D) Theory ® Hypothesis ® Research Outcome ® Theory Which of the following statements is most accurate? A) A given theory should generate multiple hypotheses. In science, _____ are the content of the observations that have been made and replicated by scientists, while _____ are the explanations given by scientists for that content. C) facts; theories According
to stereotype threat theory, why will a member of a group that is negatively stereotyped for performance on a task feel threatened when he or she is performing that task? A) The group member will feel like their performance might reflect on the whole group. Jacob is a male blue collar worker attending a group therapy session. He knows that people from his background are thought of as not being in touch with their feelings and having quick tempers. During the session, he worries about how he will appear, and ends up getting angry and
losing his temper as a result of this anxiety. Jacob's case is an example of: B) stereotype threat. What is a reason posited by stereotype threat theory for gaps in performance among members of stigmatized groups? D) Situations that remind stigmatized group members of negative stereotypes about their group causes them anxiety. A researcher believes that the more neurotic a person is, the more that person will tend to experience negative emotion. This is an example of a: C) correlational hypothesis. What is the most general term for the type of research in
which two or more variables are measured and compared to determine the extent to which they are associated? B) correlational approach A researcher finds a substantial negative correlation between a measure of anxiety and a measure of life satisfaction. How should we interpret the relationship between
these variables? C) The higher a person scores on anxiety, the lower they score on life satisfaction. A
positive or negative value that shows the strength and direction of the association between two variables is referred to as: D) a correlation coefficient. If two psychological variables are correlated at r = +1.0, this probably means that: A) the two variables are measuring the same underlying construct. In their research on stereotype threat, Pinel and colleagues found a negative correlation among stigmatized group members between stigma
consciousness and GPA. This study was designed as a test of which of the following hypotheses? A) The more a person is conscious of the negative stereotype of his or her group, the worse that person will perform in areas related to the stereotype. Which of the following statements is true regarding the finding that there is a negative correlation among stigmatized group members between stigma
consciousness and GPA? B) It is consistent with a hypothesis that can be derived from the theory of stereotype threat. Which one of the following statements is FALSE? D) Two variables do not need to be correlated with each other for one to have a causal influence on the other. The reverse causality problem refers to what phenomenon? A) The fact that, when a correlation is found between two variables, it is impossible to determine which variable causes the other. A researcher
finds that self-esteem is positively correlated with academic performance. What can the researcher conclude from these data about the causal relationship between these variables? D) It is impossible to conclude anything about the causal relationship between these variables based on these data. The third variable problem refers to the fact that: C) a correlation between two variables may be driven by their mutual association with another variable. A researcher finds that
the number of murders committed during a summer is correlated with the number of ice cream cones consumed. However, they realize that there is a third variable problem related to this finding. What might this problem be? B) High temperatures might be causing both greater ice cream sales and more aggressive acts of violence. A researcher finds that attendance at horror movies is associated with neuroticism. They believe that
attending horror movies causes people to be more neurotic. Which of the following statements does NOT describe a problem with the researcher's claim? B) Because horror movie attendance and neuroticism are correlated, it's possible that one of these variables causes the other. A study was conducted showing that the amount of violent television watched in childhood positively predicted the number of aggressive acts committed in adulthood. This study is BEST
considered an example of a: A) longitudinal design. A study in which a researcher takes active control of an independent variable, manipulates it, and observes its effect on a dependent variable is called a(n): C) experiment. In experimental research, the _____ is what we believe is being affected by the _____, which we believe to be the "cause." D) dependent variable; independent variable 66. Which of the following conditions does NOT need to be met to test the hypothesis that situations that activate a negative stereotype of a person's group will lead to worse performance than situations that do not? B) Performance on a stereotype-relevant test must be assessed before participant awareness of the negative stereotype is manipulated. When
we manipulate, or assign participants to different conditions of, a variable, what are we manipulating? A) the independent variable _____ refers to the judgment that an experimental finding can be generalized across people, time, and settings, while _____ refers to
the judgment that an independent variable caused a change in a dependent variable within an experiment. D) External validity; internal validity Research demonstrates that when Black and White students are reminded of their race (or not)
before taking a test, Black students show lowered performance in the condition where they are reminded of their race. This result is MOST accurately interpreted as: C) an interaction between race and the extent to which people are thinking about their race before a test. A pattern of results in which the effect of one independent variable on a dependent variable depends on the level of another independent variable is referred to as: D) an interaction. What is the best research method for determining whether one variable has a causal influence on another? B) an experiment Which of the following is NOT a reason why experiments help researchers determine causality? B) Because they take place in a controlled laboratory setting, experiments have greater external validity. A researcher randomly assigns a group of male and female college students to either gossip about their friends or to play a game of basketball. Afterwards, they administer the students a measure of happiness. They find that students who played basketball are happier than those who gossiped. What is the MOST likely cause of this outcome? C) Playing basketball made students happier compared to gossiping. Random assignment refers to a procedure through which: A) participants are assigned to experimental conditions in such a way that they have an equal chance of being in any condition. Which of the following problems is not primarily solved by random assignment to a condition? B) the causal sequence problem In an experiment, participants are randomly assigned to levels of the: A) independent variable. _____ methods are
preferable for determining causal relationships between variables, but _____ methods are preferable for determining the influence of personality or dispositional variables. D) Experimental; correlational A researcher counts the number of people wearing football team T-shirts on
a college campus in years when the team is having a good versus a bad season. He finds that more people wear the shirts in years when the team is doing well. This is best conceptualized as an example of: B) field research. A quasi-experiment is: A) a study in which naturally occurring groups of participants are compared on a dependent variable without random assignment. A researcher conducts a study in which men and women are asked to rate their level of self-esteem with reference to both appearance and intellectual ability. The researcher predicts that there will be differences between men and women on these variables. This study is best characterized as: C) a quasi-experiment. Walton and Cohen conducted a study in which they intervened in freshman college students' experience by having them read either an essay about how stress is a normal part of the college transition, or a control essay. What did the researchers find when they tracked the students' GPAs over the course of the next three years? C) Black students who read an essay about stress being normal had higher GPAs than Black students who did not. Which of the following is NOT
something that a good theory in social psychology should be required to do? C) show how a correlation explains causation What does it mean to say that a theory is parsimonious? D) it explains a large number of diverse observations with relatively few and simple principles Which of the following statements is MOST true regarding scientific theories? C) Even if the methods do not currently exist for fully testing its hypotheses, a theory may still ultimately be shown to be an accurate representation of reality. A researcher assesses anxiety by measuring heart rate. In this study, anxiety is the _____ and rapid heart rate is the _____. A) abstract conceptual variable; operational definition A specific, concrete method of measuring or manipulating a conceptual variable is referred to as a(n): A) operational definition. What is the definition of a confound? C) a variable other than the variable intended to be manipulated that may be responsible for an observed effect If in an experiment the independent variable is in fact a manipulation of what was intended, and the dependent variable is in fact a measure of what was intended, then the experiment can be said to be high in: A) construct validity. A researcher believes that thinking about clowns will make people more aggressive. He randomly assigns some people to see pictures of clowns, and other people to read a description of a calm forest. He finds that people who looked at pictures of clowns behave more aggressively. However, there is at least one confound in this study. What is that confound? C) Some people looked at pictures, while others just read text. Which of the following is NOT a form of
validity which social psychologists are interested in obtaining? B) reverse causality Which of the following tactics does NOT help eliminate confounds from research? B) measuring the dependent variable as accurately as possible A researcher is able to replicate her study results using the same operational definitions in three countries other than the country where she originally conducted the research. By doing so, she has primarily increased the _____ of her finding. D) external validity Which of these statements does NOT capture a limitation of science? A) Through competition between scientists, many hypotheses are disproven and theories eventually discarded. Which of the following potential problems with research on human subjects is NOT considered a major ethical issue? C) The fact that college students often participate in studies as part of their education. A researcher believes that receiving a self-esteem threat will make
participants more depressed. So she conducts a study in which participants are randomly assigned to receive negative feedback on a personality test, and then measures their level of depression. She tells participants that the study is about "validation of personality measures." In this example, "validation of personality measures" is: B) a cover story. A researcher believes that people who have thought about times when others helped them in the past will be more likely to help someone else. To test this, she brings participants to the lab for what they are told is a study on "Being Good Citizens." Participants are randomly assigned to think about a time when someone helped them or to think about a different topic; then they are given the opportunity to donate money to a charity. In this
example, the study title "Being Good Citizens" is likely an example of a: B) demand characteristic. Keeping researchers blind to a condition primarily deals with what problem? A) experimenter bias Which of these is NOT a reason why deception is commonly used in social psychological experiments? A) to determine if participants can "guess" how they are being deceived Which of the following is NOT an official ethical requirement for research with human subjects? C) The full purpose of a study must be explained to participants before they begin. Which of the following procedures is a major ethical safeguard against any negative feelings that might be induced by deception in a study? B) a thorough debriefing Sets with similar termsChapter 145 terms hsb535 PSY 330: Chapter 153 terms megannemetz social psych exam 170 terms vanp26 Psychology 360 Exam 1 Fall 18 Dr. Olsen38 terms emmie_dickman Sets found in the same folderSocial Psychology, TB 2100 terms cheribou Final300 terms Grant_Gunter Social Psychology Exam 2 Practice101 terms Morgan_Allen69 Social Psychology, Chapter 125 terms cheribou Other sets by this creatorSocial Psychology, Chapter 425 terms cheribou Social Psychology, Chapter 312 terms cheribou Social Psychology, Chapter 225 terms cheribou Verified questionsPSYCHOLOGY How many phonemes are in the word “thoughtfully”? How many morphemes? Verified answer
QUESTION Which of the following examples is the best illustration of cognitive dissonance? a. The cult member who admires the leader of his group and follows the leader without doubt. b. The teacher who reprimands a student who she feels could do much better academically. c. The soldier who receives orders from a superior that violate his personal moral beliefs. d. The librarian who dreams of returning to graduate school to become a professor. e. The student who gives up trying to master calculus because it seems too hard. Verified answer PSYCHOLOGY ''[D]epending on, which figures you believe, between 20 and 84 percent of people who consult a doctor do so for some form of somatization. Hypochondria alone is said to be present in 9 percent of patients who consult their family physicians....Peering ahead, I think the number of people with somatization symptoms will increase dramatically as we enter the next century. The individual dramas will be played out on a stage dominated by an increasingly stress-filled world and a backdrop of frequent family disruption, rapid cultural change, and ... increased attention to, and care of, the body" -Dr, Berney Goodman, When the Body Speak its Mind (1994). Why does the author believe that symptoms of somatization will increase? Verified answer QUESTION As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. The decrease in an infant's responsiveness is called a. concentration. b. teratogens. c. habituation. d. stability. e. a stage. Verified answer Other Quizlet setsSOC 100 Ch 1 Quiz17 terms ItsStoriTime Physiology Test50 terms PhuJason Sociology Exam #136 terms alexandra_chavarin6 Sociology Unit 1 (Ch. 1-4) Study Guide80 terms agrabe2 Related questionsQUESTION Gun cued aggression but ONLY when participants 2 answers QUESTION The common belief-- accurate or not-- that attractive individuals possess a host of positive qualities beyond their physical appearance. 9 answers QUESTION An explicit, testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur is a(n) 15 answers QUESTION What are the four components of the self? 15 answers Which of the following research methods allow researchers to determine causality?Answer and Explanation:
The only way for a research method to determine causality is through a properly controlled experiment.
What research methodology do most social psychologists use?Field Research. Because social psychology is primarily focused on the social context—groups, families, cultures—researchers commonly leave the laboratory to collect data on life as it is actually lived. To do so, they use a variation of the laboratory experiment, called a field experiment.
What is the most popular method of testing ideas in social psychology?What is the most popular method of testing ideas in social psychology? Correlational research.
When a psychologist simply records the relationship between two variables without manipulating them it is called a?Correlational research involves measuring two variables and assessing the relationship between them, with no manipulation of an independent variable.
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What is the best research method for determining whether one variable has a causal influence on another?
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