What is a mental representation of objects or events that are not physically present?

Q: What are the types of mental representations?

Our theoretical basis lies in Johnson-Lairds theory of mental representations, according to which there are at least three major kinds of such representations: mental models, proposi- tions and images.

This simple example illustrates perhaps the most fundamental aspect of our perceptual experience of the world around us, viz. its spatial structure and temporal coherence. We are aware of unified objects and of their layout in three-dimensional space; temporally extended events unfold in a meaningful and generally predictable fashion. Yet the ease, immediacy and apparent simplicity with which we construct an organised world of objects and events belies the complexity of the mental computations and representations that support such experience and guide our actions. This conundrum of how the unity of perceptual experience can arise from the vagaries of proximal stimulation-of how constancies of object and event structure can obtain despite the spatial and temporal flux of sensory information-has led researchers since the time of Helmholtz ( 1866/ 1962) to propose that mental representations of objects and their relations in space and time are needed to organise and to integrate changing patterns of physical stimulation. This chapter addresses the growing body of current theory and research on the nature of the mental representations that support both our conscious awareness of visual objects and events, as well as actions directed towards them. I concentrate almost exclusively on the representation of visual objects; nonetheless, extending the framework developed here for understanding object representation to the analysis of visual events is an area of current experimental and theoretical activity in my laboratory.

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What is a mental representation called?
What is the term a representation of objects or events that are not physically present?
What is a mental representation of an event or object?
What are the types of mental representations?

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Chapter 7

Question	Answer
Cognition	The mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge.
Thinking	The manipulation of mental representations of information in order to draw inferences and conclusions.
Mental Image	A mental representation of objects or events that are not physically present.
Concept	A mental category of objects or ideas based on properties they share.
Formal Concept	A mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it.
Natural Concept	A mental category that is formed as a result of everyday experiences.
Prototype	The most typical instance of a particular concept.
Exemplars	Individual instances of a concept or category, held in the memory.
Problem Solving	Thinking and behavior that is directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available.
Trial and Error	A problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work.
Algorithm	A problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method that inevitably produces the correct solution.
Heuristic	A problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions.
Insight	The sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.
Intuition	Coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious awareness of the thought process involved.
Functional Fixedness	The tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way.
Mental Set	The tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past.
Availability Heuristic	A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how readily available other instances of the event are in memory.
Representativeness Heuristic	A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated by comparing how similar it is to the prototype of the event.
Language	A system of combining arbitrary symbols to produce an infinite number of meaningful statements.
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis	The hypothesis that differences among languages can cause differences in the thoughts of their speakers.
Animal Cognition	The study of animal learning, memory, thinking, and language.
Intelligence Quotient	The measure of general intelligence derived by comparing an individual’s score with the scores of others in the same age group.
Achievement Test	A test designed to measure a person’s level of knowledge, skill or accomplishment in a particular area.
Aptitude Test	A test designed to asses a person’s capacity to benefit from education or training.
Standardization	The administration of a test to a large, representative sample of people under uniform conditions for the purpose of establishing norms.
Normal Curve (Normal Distribution)	A bell-shaped distribution of individual differences in a normal population in which most scores cluster around the average score.
Reliability	The ability of a test to produce consistent results when administered on repeated occasions under similar circumstances.
Validity	The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure.
G Factor (General Intelligence)	The notion of a general intelligence factor that is responsible for a person’s overall performance on tests of mental ability.
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence	Sternberg’s theory that there are three distinct forms of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical.
Heritability	The percentage of variation within a given population that is due to heredity.
Stereotype Threat	A psychological predicament in which fear that you will be evaluated in terms of negative stereotype about a group to which you belong creates anxiety and self-doubt, lowering performance in a particular domain that is important to you.
Creativity	A group of cognitive processes used to generate useful, original, and novel ideas or solutions to problems.
Alfred Binet (1857-1911)	French psychologist who along with French psychiatrists Theodore Simon, developed the first widely used intelligence test.
Howard Gardner (b.1943)	Contemporary American psychologist whose theory of intelligence states that there is not one intelligence, but multiple independent intelligences.
Charles Spearman (1863-1945)	British psychologist who advanced the theory that a general intelligence factor, called the g factor, is responsible for overall intellectual functioning.
Robert Sternberg (b.1949)	Contemporary American psychologist whose Triarchic theory of intelligence identifies three forms of intelligence (analytic, creative, and practical).
Lewis Terman (1877-1956)	American psychologist who translated and adapted the Binet-Simon intelligence test for use in the United States; he also began a major longitudinal study of the lives of gifted children in 1921.
Louis L. Thurstone (1887-1955)	American psychologist who advanced the theory that intelligence is composed if several primary mental abilities and cannot be accurately described by an overall general or g factor measure.
David Wechsler (1896-1981)	American psychologist who developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the most widely used intelligence test.

What is a mental representation called?

A mental representation (or cognitive representation), in philosophy of mind, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science, is a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality, or else a mental process that makes use of such a symbol: "a formal system for making explicit certain ...

What is the term a representation of objects or events that are not physically present?

mental image. A mental representation of objects or events that are not physically present is called a(n): mental imagery.

What is a mental representation of an event or object?

image. a visual, mental representation of an event or object.

What are the types of mental representations?

Our theoretical basis lies in Johnson-Laird's theory of mental representations, according to which there are at least three major kinds of such representations: mental models, proposi- tions and images.

What is a mental representation of objects or events that are not physically present?

Chapter 7

What is a mental representation called?

What is the term a representation of objects or events that are not physically present?

What is a mental representation of an event or object?

What are the types of mental representations?

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