The nurse is aware that the following laboratory values supports a diagnosis of pyelonephritis

A 55 year old male presents reporting urinary retention. Tests reveal he has a lower urinary tract obstruction. Which of the following is of most concern to the nurse?

Formation of renal calculi

When a patient asks what the most common type of renal stone is composed of, how should the nurse respond? The most common type of renal stone is composed of:

While planning care for a patient with renal calculi, the nurse remembers the most important factor in renal calculus formation is:

A 25 year old female presents with burning urination. She was diagnosed with a urinary tract infection. When the nurse checks the culture results, which of the following organisms is most likely infecting her urinary tract?

A 75 year old male reports to his primary care provider loss of urine with cough, sneezing, or laughing. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will observe on the client?

A nurse assesses a patient with a complicated urinary tract infection (UTI) for:

A 28 year old female presents with fever, chills, and flank pain. She is diagnosed with pyelonephritis. A nurse recalls the patient's infection is located in the:

While planning care for a patient who has acute pyelonephritis. A nurse recalls the most common condition associated with the development of acute pyelonephritis is:

Urinary tract obstruction

A 29 year old female presents with cloudy urine, flank pain hematuria, and fever. Which of the following does the nurse suspect the patient is most likely experiencing?

A 15 year old male was diagnosed with pharyngitis. Eight days later he developed acute glomerulonephritis. While reviewing the culture results, which of the following is most likely cause of this disease?

Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus

A 25 year old male was diagnosed with Goodpasture syndrome. While planning care for this patient, which of the following mechanisms would cause tissue injury?

Production of antibodies against the glomerular basement membrane

A 30 year old male is demonstrating hematuria with red blood cell casts and proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5g/day, with albumin being the major protein. The most probable diagnosis the nurse will see documented on the chart is:

A 45 year old male presents with oliguria. He is diagnosed with chronic glomerulonephritis. The nurse knows oliguria is related to:

Thickening of the glomerular membrane and decreased renal blood flow

A 54 year old female is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome. Which of the following is a common symptom of this disease?

A 42 year old male is involved in a motor vehicle accident during which he loses a lot of blood. The nurse realizes he is in acute renal failure caused by:

Inadequate renal blood flow

A 56 year old male presents with flank pain and polyuria. Tests reveal that he has an enlarged prostate. Which of the following types of renal failure should the nurse monitor for as it is the most likely to occur?

A 60 year old male is diagnosed with renal failure. While the nurse is reviewing lab results, which of the following lab values would be most consistent with this diagnosis?

Elevated plasma creatinine level

A 45 year old female presents with hypertension, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting, and anemia. She is diagnosed with chronic renal failure. When the patient asks what caused this anemia, how should the nurse respond? Your anemia is caused by:

Inadequate production of erythopoietin

A 42 year old female is diagnosed with chronic renal failure, and the nurse is discussing dietary treatment. Which information indicates the nurse understands dietary regimen? Treatment includes restricting:

While turning a patient with chronic renal failure, which principle should the nurse recall? Bone fractures are a risk factor in chronic renal failure because:

The kidneys fail to activate vitamin D

Upon examination of a male infant, it is determined that the urethral meatus is located on the undersurface of the penis. The nurse will document this condition as:

A newborn male dies shortly after birth. Physical examination reveals wide-set eyes, parrot-beak nose, low-set ears, and receding chin. The most likely diagnosis the nurse will see on the chart is:

A urologist is discussing nephritic syndrome. Which information should be included? If nephrotic syndrome is not caused initially by kidney disease, it is termed ______ nephrotic syndrome.

When a newborn is admitted with urinary tract infections, which type of infection will the nurse look for in the newborn?

A 2 year old male is diagnosed with Wilms tumor. Which of the following clinical conditions is often associated with this disease?

In the majority of cases delayed puberty is due to:

A 25 year old female presents with amenorrhea and hirsutism. She is diagnosed with PCOS. Lab testing will most likely reveal:

A 30 year old female with newly diagnosed PCOS is being consulted by her OB-GYN. The physician indicates that this condition often results in:

The descent of the bladder and the anterior vaginal wall into the vaginal canal is called a:

During a routine pelvic exam, a 34 year old female is found to have an ovarian cyst containing skin, hair, cartilage, and bone. This cyst is classified as a ______ cyst.

The most commonly occurring cancer of the female reproductive tract is ____ cancer.

A 35 year old female is diagnosed with ovarian cancer. CT scan reveals that the cancer is limited to the ovaries. It would be classified as stage:

A 30 year old male presents with penile tenderness and discharge. Physical examination reveals that his foreskin cannot be retracted back over the glans penis. He is suffering from:

____ is inflammation of the glans penis

An important risk factor in the development of benign prostatic hypertrophy is:

A middle-aged male speaks to his physician about benign BPH. He reveals that his father was recently diagnosed with this condition, and he wants to know if he could have it. The physician tells him that a common complaint from men and mild to moderate BPH is:

A 40 year old male is concerned about the possibility of developing prostate cancer. He reports that his father died of prostate cancer, and he wants to take all preventive measures. He is told to consume a diet low in:

A 35 year old non-pregnant female presents complaining of breast discharge. She is diagnosed with galactorrhea. The condition is most likely caused by:

The patient's medication has a side effect of gynecomastia. The patient asks the nurse to define this term. The nurse would respond that gynecomastia is:

Overdevelopment of breast tissue in males

A 19 year old female presents with genital warts. Which of the following would cause this condition?

A 20 year old male was recently diagnosed with lactose intolerance. He eats an ice cream cone and develops diarrhea. His diarrhea can be classified as ________ diarrhea. 

A 50 year old male is experiencing reflux of chyme from the stomach. He is diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux. This condition is caused by:

Loss of muscle tone at the lower esophageal sphincter

A serious complication of paraesophageal hiatal hernia is:

A 10 month old is brought to the pediatrician by the mother who states the baby has been experiencing colicky pain followed by vomiting, sweating, nausea, and irritability. Testing reveals a condition in which one part of the intestine telescopes into another. From which type of intestinal obstruction is he suffering?

A 40 year old male develops an intestinal obstruction related to protrusion of the intestine through the inguinal ring. This condition is referred to as:

A 42 year old female presents with abdominal discomfort, epigastric tenderness, and bleeding. Gastroscopy reveals degeneration of the gastric mucosa in the body and fundus of the stomach. Which of the following would most likely follow?

A 54 year old male is diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease. This condition is most likely caused by:

Breaks in the mucosa and presence of corrosive secretions

A 24 year old male who sustained a head injury and fractured femur develops a stress ulcer. A common clinical manifestation of this ulcer is:

Clinical manifestations of bile salts deficiencies are related to poor absorption of:

Fats and fat-soluble vitamins

Which of the following symptoms would help a health care provider distinguish between ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease?

A 16 year old female presents with abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant. Physical examination reveals rebound tenderness and a low-grade fever. A possible diagnosis would be:

A 13 year old female confides to her mother that she binge eats and induces vomiting to prevent weight gain. This disease is referred to as:

A 60 year old female with a history of alcoholism complains of recent weight gain and right flank pain. Physical examination reveals severe ascites. This condition is caused by decreased:

Albumin and lack of cellular integrity

Manifestations associated with hepatic encephalopathy from chronic liver disease are the result of:

Impaired ammonia metabolism

An increase in the rate of red blood cell breakdown causes which form of jaundice?

Complete obstruction of bile flow to the liver would be manifested by:

A 55 year old male dies in a motor vehicle accident. Autopsy revealed an enlarged liver caused by fatty infiltration, testicular atrophy, and mild jaundice secondary to cirrhosis. The most likely cause of his condition is:

In alcoholic cirrhosis, hepatocellular damage is caused by:

A 40 year old male who consumes a diet high in fat and low in fiber is at risk for:

The cardinal signs of small bowel obstruction are:

The family learns that a 3D ultrasound of a 9-week fetus shows incomplete fusion of the nasomedial or intermaxillary process. The family will be told that the child will be born with:

A 2 month old female with Down syndrome is diagnosed with Hirschspring disease following family complaints of chronic constipation. The most likely cause of these symptoms is:

Absence of ganglia along the length of the colon

Occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux is highest in which pediatric population?

Marasmus is most common in children of which age group?

Younger than 1 (severe malnutrition)

When an infant has increased bilirubin production and impaired hepatic excretion of bilirubin, what does the nurse suspect is occurring in the patient. 

A 65 year old Hispanic female is admitted to the hospital with a pathologic, compound, transverse fracture of the femur. Which of the following statements best describes this type of fracture?

The fracture line is straight across the bone. 

The incidence of fractures of the pelvis is highest in:

A 32 year old obese male begins a jogging routine. A week after beginning, he fractures his leg. This is referred to as a what type of fracture?

A 70 year old female presents with a hip fracture secondary to osteoporosis. This condition is caused by an increase in bone:

A 12 year old female hurts her ankle while playing basketball. Tests reveal that she tore a ligament. This condition is known as a:

A 36 year old male complains of pain and weakness in the elbow. He reports that he is a warehouse worker and lifts boxes daily. MRI reveals inflammation of the tendon where it attaches to bone. This condition is called:

A 76 year old female was diagnosed with osteoporosis by radiologic exam. She is at high risk for:

Pathologic bone fractures

An 80 year old male presents with skeletal pain and tenderness, especially in the hips. He is diagnosed with osteomalacia caused by:

Inadequate bone mineralization

The cause of Piaget disease is:

A 54 year old female was recently diagnosed with degenerative joint disease. This condition is characterized by loss of:

A 54 year old male was recently diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Which of the following is the expected treatment of choice?

Researchers now believe that RA is:

A 46 year old male presents with severe pain, redness, and tenderness in the right big toe. He was diagnosed with gouty arthritis. The symptoms he experienced are caused by the crystallization of ________ within synovial fluid.

A 51 year old male experienced severe gouty arthritis. Which of the following is the most common trigger for the symptoms?

Fibromyalgia is chronic musculoskeletal disorder characterized by:

Diffuse pain, fatigue, and tender points

While performing an assessment of a 2 month old, the nurse notes a positive Ortolani click. The nurse would suspect the child has:

Children with OI suffer from frequent:

The onset of DMD most often occurs at:

A 13 year old female presents with pain at night, cough, and dyspnea. Testing reveals a metastasizing malignant bone tumor. The most likely type of tumor is:

A 16 year old male was diagnosed with osteosarcoma. The tumor is most likely present in the ______ of the long bones.

A 12 year old female notices her hair and skin feel more oily than normal. Her primary care provider explains that during puberty her sebaceous glands enlarge and are stimulated by:

Which cells are involved in initiating immune responses in the skin?

Individuals of ____ descent are more prone to developing keloids.

A 23 year old male received a knife wound in a fight. His scar was sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, and progressively enlarging. This condition is caused by excessive amounts of ______ in the corneum during connective tissue repair.

A 12 year old female visits her primary care provider to obtain acne mediation for recurrent acne vulgaris. This condition is an inflammatory disorder of the:

A 45 year old male presents with a chronic blister-forming disease of the skin and oral mucous membranes. The nurse would recognize this condition as:

A 50 year old male recently underwent a liver transplant and is taking immunosuppressive drugs. He now has painful vesicular eruptions on the face and trunk. He reports that he had chickenpox as a child. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis based on his chicken pox history?

When assessing a patient with scleroderma, which changes in the skin will be observed?

A 52 year old female is diagnosed with scleroderma. Which complication leads to ulcer formation?

What of the following behavior in the patient with scleroderma would cause the nurse concern?

Smokes a few cigarette a day

A 40 year old female is diagnosed with skin cancer. Her primary care provider explains that the most important risk factor for skin cancer is:

Amount of direct sun exposure at a young age

A 29 year old female is burned through all her dermis with only a few epidermal appendages intact. This burn is classified as:

A 10 year old male is playing with matches and gets burned. His burn is waxy white in appearance. This burn is classified as:

In burn injury patients, the rule of nines and the Lund and Browder chart are used to estimate:

Total body surface area burned

A 28 year old male is admitted to the burn unit 2 hours after receiving second- and third- degree burns over 50% of his body surface in an industrial explosion. Abnormal vital signs include low blood pressure and tachycardia. Lab results show a high hematocrit due to:

Fluid movement out of the vascular space

A 48 year old female presents at the ER reporting an acute severe headache, nausea, photophobia, and nuchal rigidity. What does the nurse suspect caused these signs and symptoms?

A 65 year old male suffers a subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to uncontrolled hypertension. He appears drowsy and confused with pronounced focal neurologic deficits. This condition is grade:

When a patient asks, "What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?" how should the nurse reply? The cause of MS seems to be an interaction between:

Autoimmunity and genetic susceptibility

A patient is admitted with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Which classic assessment findings will support the diagnosis the diagnosis of ALS?

Muscle weakness and atrophy

As a portion of the assessment of the patient with meningitis, the health care provider flexes the patient's neck to the chest. The patient responds with flexion of the legs and thighs. The name for this response is:

What nutrient should the nurse encourage a woman in the early stages of pregnancy to consume to prevent neural tube defects?

An infant is diagnosed with congenital hydrocephalus. Which of the following characteristics would the nurse expect to find?

To prevent Reye syndrome in infants, which of the following instructions should the nurse give to parents?

Treat fevers with acetaminophen, not aspirin

A child was recently diagnosed with varicella, for which her parents gave her aspirin. The child is now in a coma, is hyperventilating, and has decorticate rigidity. Pupil response is within normal limits. The child is diagnosed with Reye syndrome at stage:

A nurse is preparing to teach about brain tumors. Which information should the nurse include? The most common type of brain tumor in children is:

A 45 year old female has elevated thyroxine production. Which of the following would accompany this condition?

Decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

When insulin binds to its receptors on muscle cells, an increase in glucose uptake by the muscle cells occurs. This is an example of a _______ effect by a hormone. 

A patient has high levels of hormones. To adapt to the high hormone concentrations, the patient's target cells have the capacity for:

A patient has researched lipid-soluble hormones on the Internet. Which information indicates the patient has a good understanding? Lipid-soluble hormone receptor cross the plasma membrane by:

When a patient asks about target cell receptors, which is the nurse's best response? Target cell receptors for most water-soluble hormones are located in the:

When the endocrinolgist asks the staff how the releasing hormones that are made in the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary, how should the staff reply? Via the:

Hypophyseal portal system

If a patient's posterior pituitary is removed, which hormone would the nurse expect to decrease?

Which principle should the nurse include while planning care for a patient with an ADH problem? ADH release from the posterior pituitary is stimulated by:

High serum osmolarity sensed by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

Which nutrient would the nurse encourage the patient to consume for thyroid hormone synthesis?

A 40 year old male undergoes surgery for a PTH-secreting tumor in which the parathyroid is removed. Which of the following would the nurse expect following surgery?

Decreased calcium reabsorption in the kidney

A 30 year old male is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting tumor of the pancreas alpha cells. Which of the following would the nurse expect to be most likely increased in this patient?

A nurse recalls insulin has an effect on which of the following groups of electrolytes?

Potassium, magnesium, phosphate

A patient wants to know what can cause ACTH to be released. How should the nurse respond?

The nurse is teaching the staff about aldosterone. Which information should the nurse include? The main site of aldosterone synthesis is the:

When catecholamines are released in a patient, what should the nurse assess for?

A nurse is caring for a patient with SIADH. What severe complication should the nurse assess for?

A 22 year old male is admitted to the intensive care unit with a closed head injury sustained in a motorcycle accident. The injury has caused severe damage to the posterior pituitary. Which of the following complications should the nurse anticipate?

Dehydration from polyuria

A 35 year old female with Graves disease is admitted to a medical-surgical unit. Which of the following symptoms would the nurse expect to find before treatment?

Skin hot and moist, rapid heart rate

A 22 year old female has a low level of TSH. What condition does the nurse expect the patient is experiencing?

A 3 year old male was diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism. The parents ask the nurse if left untreated what will happen. What is the nurse's best response? If left untreated, the child would have:

Mental retardation and stunted growth

A 25 year old male presents to his primary care provider reporting changes in facial features. CT scan reveals a mass on the anterior pituitary, and lab tests reveal severely elevated growth hormone (GH). Which of the following would the nurse also expect to find?

An 11 year old male is newly diagnosed with type 1 DM. Which classic symptoms should the nurse assess the patient for?

Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and weight loss

A nurse is reviewing lab results for glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c) levels. A nurse recalls the purpose of this test is to:

Monitor long-term serum glucose control

When a patient asks what causes hyperglycemia in type 2 DM, how should the nurse respond? Hyperglycemia is a result of:

A 13 year old male who uses insulin to control his type I diabetes experiences hunger, lightheadedness, tachycardia, pallor, headache, and confusion during gym class. The most probable cause of these symptoms is:

Hypoglycemia caused by increased exercise

When a nurse is assessing the physical features of individuals with Cushing syndrome, these findings will include:

Truncal obsesity and moon faces

A 35 year old female took corticosteroid therapy for several months. Which of the following would the nurse expect to find?

A 50 year old female presents with lightheadedness and overall abnormal feelings. Hyperaldosteronism is diagnosed. Which of the following symptoms would the nurse expect?

The body's inability to conserve water and sodium when affected by Addison disease is explained by which of the following conditions?

Which of the following diseases should the nurse teach the patient to prevent as it is the ultimate cause of death in the patient with diabetes?

A patient's anemia is described as having erythocytes that demonstrate ansiocytosis. The nurse would recognize the erythrocytes would be:

Able to assume various shapes

A 2 year old malnourished child has vitamin B12 and folate deficiences. A blood smear suggests the deficiency in macrocytic and normochromic. The nurse would expect the hemoglobin to be:

A 20 year old female undergoes lab testing for anemia. Results show high iron, bilirubin, and transferrin and low hemoglobin and hematocrit. Which of the following is most likely diagnosis to be documented on the chart?

A 65 year old male experienced loss of appetite, weight loss, lemon-yellow skin, liver enlargement, and a beefy red tongue shortly before his death. Autopsy suggested pernicious anemia, and the cause of death would most likely reveal:

A 58 year old female presents in the clinic presenting with fatigue, weight loss, and tingling in her fingers. Laboratory findings show low hemoglobin and hematocrit, a high mean corpuscular volume, and normal plasma iron. These assessment findings are consistent with which type of anemia?

A 50 year old female was diagnosed with sideroblastic anemia. Which of the following assessment findings would most likely occur?

A 67 year old female is admitted to the emergency department with a diagnosis of polyceythemia vera. Upon taking the history, the patient will most likely report:

A staff member asks what leukocytosis means. How should the nurse respond? Leukocytosis can be defined as:

A 15 year old female presents with splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and lymph node enlargement. She is diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis. What should the nurse tell the patient about he recovery time?

A 35 year old male with hyperthyroidism begins treatment to decrease thyroid activity. A nurse monitors for which of the following conditions that could result secondary to the treatment?

Which laboratory test is the most accurate indicator of a client's renal function?

What is used to decrease potassium levels in acute renal failure?

Which of the following causes the majority of UTIs in hospitalized patients?

Which instruction does the nurse give a client who needs a clean catch urine specimen?