University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096,[2] making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's second-oldest university in continuous operation.[2][10][11] It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.[2] After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge.[12] The two English ancient universities share many common features and are jointly referred to as Oxbridge. Both are ranked among the most prestigious universities in the world. The university is made up of thirty-nine semi-autonomous constituent colleges, five permanent private halls, and a range of academic departments which are organised into four divisions.[13] All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. All students are members of a college.[14] It does not have a main campus, and its buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the city centre. Undergraduate teaching at Oxford consists of lectures, small-group tutorials at the colleges and halls, seminars, laboratory work and occasionally further tutorials provided by the central university faculties and departments. Postgraduate teaching is provided predominantly centrally. Oxford operates the world's oldest university museum, as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system nationwide.[15] In the fiscal year ending 31 July 2019, the university had a total income of £2.45 billion, of which £624.8 million was from research grants and contracts.[3] Oxford has educated a wide range of notable alumni, including 30 prime ministers of the United Kingdom and many heads of state and government around the world.[16] As of October 2022, 73 Nobel Prize laureates, 4 Fields Medalists, and 6 Turing Award winners have studied, worked, or held visiting fellowships at the University of Oxford, while its alumni have won 160 Olympic medals.[17] Oxford is the home of numerous scholarships, including the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the oldest international graduate scholarship programmes. History In 1605, Oxford was still a walled city, but several colleges had been built outside the city walls (north is at the bottom on this map). FoundingThe University of Oxford's foundation date is unknown.[18] It is known that teaching at Oxford existed in some form as early as 1096, but it is unclear when the university came into being.[2] The scholar Theobald of Étampes lectured at Oxford in the early 1100s. It grew quickly from 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris.[2] The historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188, and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of chancellor from at least 1201, and the masters were recognised as a universitas or corporation in 1231.[2][19] The university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III.[20] After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, later forming the University of Cambridge.[12][21] The students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two 'nations', representing the North (northerners or Boreales, who included the English people from north of the River Trent and the Scots) and the South (southerners or Australes, who included English people from south of the Trent, the Irish and the Welsh).[22][23] In later centuries, geographical origins continued to influence many students' affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. In addition, members of many religious orders, including Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites and Augustinians, settled in Oxford in the mid-13th century, gained influence and maintained houses or halls for students.[24] At about the same time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College,[24] and John Balliol, father of a future King of Scots; Balliol College bears his name.[22] Another founder, Walter de Merton, a Lord Chancellor of England and afterwards Bishop of Rochester, devised a series of regulations for college life;[25][26] Merton College thereby became the model for such establishments at Oxford,[27] as well as at the University of Cambridge. Thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses.[24] In 1333–1334, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire, was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III.[28] Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London; thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, which was unusual in large western European countries.[29][30] Renaissance periodThe new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the English Reformation and the breaking of communion with the Roman Catholic Church, recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, settling especially at the University of Douai.[31] The method of teaching at Oxford was transformed from the medieval scholastic method to Renaissance education, although institutions associated with the university suffered losses of land and revenues. As a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxford's reputation declined in the Age of Enlightenment; enrolments fell and teaching was neglected. In 1636,[32] William Laud, the chancellor and Archbishop of Canterbury, codified the university's statutes. These, to a large extent, remained its governing regulations until the mid-19th century. Laud was also responsible for the granting of a charter securing privileges for the University Press, and he made significant contributions to the Bodleian Library, the main library of the university. From the beginnings of the Church of England as the established church until 1866, membership of the church was a requirement to receive the BA degree from the university and "dissenters" were only permitted to receive the MA in 1871.[33] The university was a centre of the Royalist party during the English Civil War (1642–1649), while the town favoured the opposing Parliamentarian cause.[34] From the mid-18th century onwards, however, the university took little part in political conflicts. Wadham College, founded in 1610, was the undergraduate college of Sir Christopher Wren. Wren was part of a brilliant group of experimental scientists at Oxford in the 1650s, the Oxford Philosophical Club, which included Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke. This group held regular meetings at Wadham under the guidance of the college's Warden, John Wilkins, and the group formed the nucleus that went on to found the Royal Society. Modern periodStudentsBefore reforms in the early 19th century, the curriculum at Oxford was notoriously narrow and impractical. Sir Spencer Walpole, a historian of contemporary Britain and a senior government official, had not attended any university. He said, "Few medical men, few solicitors, few persons intended for commerce or trade, ever dreamed of passing through a university career." He quoted the Oxford University Commissioners in 1852 stating: "The education imparted at Oxford was not such as to conduce to the advancement in life of many persons, except those intended for the ministry."[35] Nevertheless, Walpole argued:
Out of the students who matriculated in 1840, 65% were sons of professionals (34% were Anglican ministers). After graduation, 87% became professionals (59% as Anglican clergy). Out of the students who matriculated in 1870, 59% were sons of professionals (25% were Anglican ministers). After graduation, 87% became professionals (42% as Anglican clergy).[37][38] M. C. Curthoys and H. S. Jones argue that the rise of organised sport was one of the most remarkable and distinctive features of the history of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was carried over from the athleticism prevalent at the public schools such as Eton, Winchester, Shrewsbury, and Harrow.[39] All students, regardless of their chosen area of study, were required to spend (at least) their first year preparing for a first-year examination that was heavily focused on classical languages. Science students found this particularly burdensome and supported a separate science degree with Greek language study removed from their required courses. This concept of a Bachelor of Science had been adopted at other European universities (London University had implemented it in 1860) but an 1880 proposal at Oxford to replace the classical requirement with a modern language (like German or French) was unsuccessful. After considerable internal wrangling over the structure of the arts curriculum, in 1886 the "natural science preliminary" was recognized as a qualifying part of the first year examination.[40] At the start of 1914, the university housed about 3,000 undergraduates and about 100 postgraduate students. During the First World War, many undergraduates and fellows joined the armed forces. By 1918 virtually all fellows were in uniform, and the student population in residence was reduced to 12 per cent of the pre-war total.[41] The University Roll of Service records that, in total, 14,792 members of the university served in the war, with 2,716 (18.36%) killed.[42] Not all the members of the university who served in the Great War were on the Allied side; there is a remarkable memorial to members of New College who served in the German armed forces, bearing the inscription, 'In memory of the men of this college who coming from a foreign land entered into the inheritance of this place and returning fought and died for their country in the war 1914–1918'. During the war years the university buildings became hospitals, cadet schools and military training camps.[41] ReformsTwo parliamentary commissions in 1852 issued recommendations for Oxford and Cambridge. Archibald Campbell Tait, former headmaster of Rugby School, was a key member of the Oxford Commission; he wanted Oxford to follow the German and Scottish model in which the professorship was paramount. The commission's report envisioned a centralised university run predominantly by professors and faculties, with a much stronger emphasis on research. The professional staff should be strengthened and better paid. For students, restrictions on entry should be dropped, and more opportunities given to poorer families. It called for an enlargement of the curriculum, with honours to be awarded in many new fields. Undergraduate scholarships should be open to all Britons. Graduate fellowships should be opened up to all members of the university. It recommended that fellows be released from an obligation for ordination. Students were to be allowed to save money by boarding in the city, instead of in a college.[43][44] The system of separate honour schools for different subjects began in 1802, with Mathematics and Literae Humaniores.[45] Schools of "Natural Sciences" and "Law, and Modern History" were added in 1853.[45] By 1872, the last of these had split into "Jurisprudence" and "Modern History". Theology became the sixth honour school.[46] In addition to these B.A. Honours degrees, the postgraduate Bachelor of Civil Law (B.C.L.) was, and still is, offered.[47] The mid-19th century saw the impact of the Oxford Movement (1833–1845), led among others by the future Cardinal John Henry Newman. The influence of the reformed model of German universities reached Oxford via key scholars such as Edward Bouverie Pusey, Benjamin Jowett and Max Müller. Administrative reforms during the 19th century included the replacement of oral examinations with written entrance tests, greater tolerance for religious dissent, and the establishment of four women's colleges. Privy Council decisions in the 20th century (e.g. the abolition of compulsory daily worship, dissociation of the Regius Professorship of Hebrew from clerical status, diversion of colleges' theological bequests to other purposes) loosened the link with traditional belief and practice. Furthermore, although the university's emphasis had historically been on classical knowledge, its curriculum expanded during the 19th century to include scientific and medical studies. Knowledge of Ancient Greek was required for admission until 1920, and Latin until 1960. The University of Oxford began to award doctorates for research in the first third of the 20th century. The first Oxford DPhil in mathematics was awarded in 1921.[48] The mid-20th century saw many distinguished continental scholars, displaced by Nazism and communism, relocating to Oxford. The list of distinguished scholars at the University of Oxford is long and includes many who have made major contributions to politics, the sciences, medicine, and literature. As of October 2022, 73 Nobel laureates and more than 50 world leaders have been affiliated with the University of Oxford.[16] Women's educationThe university passed a statute in 1875 allowing examinations for women at roughly undergraduate level;[49] for a brief period in the early 1900s, this allowed the "steamboat ladies" to receive ad eundem degrees from the University of Dublin.[50] In June 1878, the Association for the Education of Women (AEW) was formed, aiming for the eventual creation of a college for women in Oxford. Some of the more prominent members of the association were George Granville Bradley, T. H. Green and Edward Stuart Talbot. Talbot insisted on a specifically Anglican institution, which was unacceptable to most of the other members. The two parties eventually split, and Talbot's group founded Lady Margaret Hall in 1878, while T. H. Green founded the non-denominational Somerville College in 1879.[51] Lady Margaret Hall and Somerville opened their doors to their first 21 students (12 from Somerville, 9 from Lady Margaret Hall) in 1879, who attended lectures in rooms above an Oxford baker's shop.[49] There were also 25 women students living at home or with friends in 1879, a group which evolved into the Society of Oxford Home-Students and in 1952 into St Anne's College.[52][53] These first three societies for women were followed by St Hugh's (1886)[54] and St Hilda's (1893).[55] All of these colleges later became coeducational, starting with Lady Margaret Hall and St Anne's in 1979,[56][57] and finishing with St Hilda's, which began to accept male students in 2008.[58] In the early 20th century, Oxford and Cambridge were widely perceived to be bastions of male privilege,[59] however the integration of women into Oxford moved forward during the First World War. In 1916 women were admitted as medical students on a par with men, and in 1917 the university accepted financial responsibility for women's examinations.[41] On 7 October 1920 women became eligible for admission as full members of the university and were given the right to take degrees.[60] In 1927 the university's dons created a quota that limited the number of female students to a quarter that of men, a ruling which was not abolished until 1957.[49] However, during this period Oxford colleges were single sex, so the number of women was also limited by the capacity of the women's colleges to admit students. It was not until 1959 that the women's colleges were given full collegiate status.[61] In 1974, Brasenose, Jesus, Wadham, Hertford and St Catherine's became the first previously all-male colleges to admit women.[62][63] The majority of men's colleges accepted their first female students in 1979,[63] with Christ Church following in 1980,[64] and Oriel becoming the last men's college to admit women in 1985.[65] Most of Oxford's graduate colleges were founded as coeducational establishments in the 20th century, with the exception of St Antony's, which was founded as a men's college in 1950 and began to accept women only in 1962.[66] By 1988, 40% of undergraduates at Oxford were female;[67] in 2016, 45% of the student population, and 47% of undergraduate students, were female.[68][69] In June 2017, Oxford announced that starting the following academic year, history students may choose to sit a take-home exam in some courses, with the intention that this will equalise rates of firsts awarded to women and men at Oxford.[70] That same summer, maths and computer science tests were extended by 15 minutes, in a bid to see if female student scores would improve.[71][72] The detective novel Gaudy Night by Dorothy L. Sayers, herself one of the first women to gain an academic degree from Oxford, is largely set in the all-female Shrewsbury College, Oxford (based on Sayers' own Somerville College[73]), and the issue of women's education is central to its plot. Social historian and Somerville College alumna Jane Robinson's book Bluestockings: A Remarkable History of the First Women to Fight for an Education gives a very detailed and immersive account of this history.[74] Buildings and sitesScrollable image. Aerial 2022 panorama of the university Map
Main sitesThe university is a "city university" in that it does not have a main campus; instead, colleges, departments, accommodation, and other facilities are scattered throughout the city centre. The Science Area, in which most science departments are located, is the area that bears closest resemblance to a campus. The ten-acre (4-hectare) Radcliffe Observatory Quarter in the northwest of the city is currently under development. However, the larger colleges' sites are of similar size to these areas. Iconic university buildings include the Radcliffe Camera, the Sheldonian Theatre used for music concerts, lectures, and university ceremonies, and the Examination Schools, where examinations and some lectures take place. The University Church of St Mary the Virgin was used for university ceremonies before the construction of the Sheldonian. Christ Church Cathedral uniquely serves as both a college chapel and as a cathedral. In 2012–2013, the university built the controversial one-hectare (400 m × 25 m) Castle Mill development of 4–5-storey blocks of student flats overlooking Cripley Meadow and the historic Port Meadow, blocking views of the spires in the city centre.[75] The development has been likened to building a "skyscraper beside Stonehenge".[76] ParksThe University Parks are a 70-acre (28 ha) parkland area in the northeast of the city, near Keble College, Somerville College and Lady Margaret Hall. It is open to the public during daylight hours. As well as providing gardens and exotic plants, the Parks contains numerous sports fields, used for official and unofficial fixtures, and also contains sites of special interest including the Genetic Garden, an experimental garden to elucidate and investigate evolutionary processes. The Botanic Garden on the High Street is the oldest botanic garden in the UK. It contains over 8,000 different plant species on 1.8 ha (<span class="frac" role="math">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> acres). It is one of the most diverse yet compact major collections of plants in the world and includes representatives of over 90% of the higher plant families. The <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harcourt_Arboretum" title="Harcourt Arboretum">Harcourt Arboretum</a> is a 130-acre (53&nbsp;ha) site six miles (10&nbsp;km) south of the city that includes native woodland and 67 acres (27 hectares) of meadow. The 1,000-acre (4.0&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wytham_Woods" title="Wytham Woods">Wytham Woods</a> are owned by the university and used for research in <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. </p><p>There are also various collegiate-owned open spaces open to the public, including <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagley_Wood" title="Bagley Wood">Bagley Wood</a> and most notably <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Meadow,_Oxford" title="Christ Church Meadow, Oxford">Christ Church Meadow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Organisation">Organisation</span></h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Departments_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Category:Departments of the University of Oxford">Category:Departments of the University of Oxford</a></div> <p>As a <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">collegiate university</a>, Oxford is structured as a federation, comprising over forty self-governing <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Colleges of the University of Oxford">colleges</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_private_hall" title="Permanent private hall">halls</a>, along with a central administration headed by the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vice-Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford">Vice-Chancellor</a>. </p><p>Academic departments are located centrally within the structure of the federation; they are not affiliated with any particular college. Departments provide facilities for teaching and research, determine the syllabi and guidelines for the teaching of students, perform research, and deliver lectures and seminars. </p><p>Colleges arrange the tutorial teaching for their undergraduates, and the members of an academic department are spread around many colleges. Though certain colleges do have subject alignments (e.g., <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuffield_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuffield College">Nuffield College</a> as a centre for the social sciences), these are exceptions, and most colleges will have a broad mix of academics and students from a diverse range of subjects. Facilities such as libraries are provided on all these levels: by the central university (the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodleian">Bodleian</a>), by the departments (individual departmental libraries, such as the English Faculty Library), and by colleges (each of which maintains a multi-discipline library for the use of its members). </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Central_governance">Central governance</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wellington_Square_Oxford_1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wellington_Square_Oxford_1.jpg/220px-Wellington_Square_Oxford_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wellington_Square_Oxford_1.jpg/330px-Wellington_Square_Oxford_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wellington_Square_Oxford_1.jpg/440px-Wellington_Square_Oxford_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wellington_Square_Oxford_1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Square,_Oxford" title="Wellington Square, Oxford">Wellington Square</a> has become synonymous with the university's central administration.</div></div></div> <p>The university's formal head is the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chancellors of the University of Oxford">Chancellor</a><span class="anchor" id="Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Oxford"></span>, currently <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Lord Patten of Barnes</a>, though as at most British universities, the Chancellor is a titular figure and is not involved with the day-to-day running of the university. The Chancellor is elected by the members of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convocation" title="Convocation">Convocation</a>, a body comprising all graduates of the university, and holds office until death.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> </p><p>The <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vice-Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford">Vice-Chancellor</a>, currently <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Richardson" title="Louise Richardson">Louise Richardson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-VCapproval_4-1" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-VCapproval-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NewVCLouiseRichardson_5-1" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-NewVCLouiseRichardson-5">[5]</a></sup> is the <i>de facto</i> head of the university. Five pro-vice-chancellors have specific responsibilities for education; research; planning and resources; development and external affairs; and personnel and equal opportunities. The University Council is the executive policy-forming body, which consists of the vice-chancellor as well as heads of departments and other members elected by <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_(university)" title="Congregation (university)">Congregation</a>, in addition to observers from the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OUSU" class="mw-redirect" title="OUSU">students' union</a>. Congregation, the "parliament of the dons", comprises over 3,700 members of the university's academic and administrative staff, and has ultimate responsibility for legislative matters: it discusses and pronounces on policies proposed by the University Council. </p><p>Two university <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proctor_of_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Proctor of the University of Oxford">proctors</a>, elected annually on a rotating basis from two of the colleges, are the internal ombudsmen who make sure that the university and its members adhere to its statutes. This role incorporates student discipline and complaints, as well as oversight of the university's proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup> The university's professors are collectively referred to as the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_professorships_at_the_University_of_Oxford" title="List of professorships at the University of Oxford">Statutory Professors of the University of Oxford</a>. They are particularly influential in the running of the university's graduate programmes. Examples of statutory professors are the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichele_Professorship" title="Chichele Professorship">Chichele Professorships</a> and the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummond_Professor_of_Political_Economy" title="Drummond Professor of Political Economy">Drummond Professor of Political Economy</a>. The various academic faculties, departments, and institutes are organised into four <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Divisions of the University of Oxford">divisions</a>, each with its own head and elected board. They are the Humanities Division; the Social Sciences Division; the Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences Division; and the Medical Sciences Division. </p><p>The University of Oxford is a "public university" in the sense that it receives some public money from the government, but it is a "private university" in the sense that it is entirely self-governing and, in theory, could choose to become entirely private by rejecting public funds.<sup id="cite_ref-OXCHEPS39_80-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-OXCHEPS39-80">[80]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Quad,_Christ_Church,_Oxford.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tom_Quad%2C_Christ_Church%2C_Oxford.jpg/220px-Tom_Quad%2C_Christ_Church%2C_Oxford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tom_Quad%2C_Christ_Church%2C_Oxford.jpg/330px-Tom_Quad%2C_Christ_Church%2C_Oxford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tom_Quad%2C_Christ_Church%2C_Oxford.jpg/440px-Tom_Quad%2C_Christ_Church%2C_Oxford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3998" data-file-height="2991"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Quad,_Christ_Church,_Oxford.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Quad" title="Tom Quad">Tom Quad</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a></div></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Colleges">Colleges</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Colleges of the University of Oxford">Colleges of the University of Oxford</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK-2014-Oxford-Worcester_College_02.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/UK-2014-Oxford-Worcester_College_02.jpg/220px-UK-2014-Oxford-Worcester_College_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/UK-2014-Oxford-Worcester_College_02.jpg/330px-UK-2014-Oxford-Worcester_College_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/UK-2014-Oxford-Worcester_College_02.jpg/440px-UK-2014-Oxford-Worcester_College_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10144" data-file-height="5706"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK-2014-Oxford-Worcester_College_02.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Main Quad, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_College,_Oxford" title="Worcester College, Oxford">Worcester College</a></div></div></div> <p>To be a member of the university, all students, and most academic staff, must also be a member of a college or hall. There are thirty-nine <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Colleges of the University of Oxford">colleges of the University of Oxford</a> and five <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_private_hall" title="Permanent private hall">permanent private halls</a> (PPHs), each controlling its membership and with its own internal structure and activities.<sup id="cite_ref-CollegesandHalls_14-1" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-CollegesandHalls-14">[14]</a></sup> Not all colleges offer all courses, but they generally cover a broad range of subjects. </p><p>The colleges are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r998391716">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</p><div class="div-col" style="column-width:12em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All-Souls_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="All-Souls College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/All-Souls_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-All-Souls_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/All-Souls_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-All-Souls_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/All-Souls_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-All-Souls_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls_College,_Oxford" title="All Souls College, Oxford">All Souls College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balliol_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Balliol College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Balliol_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Balliol_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Balliol_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Balliol_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Balliol_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Balliol_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brasenose_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Brasenose College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Brasenose_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Brasenose_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Brasenose_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Brasenose_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Brasenose_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Brasenose_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasenose_College,_Oxford" title="Brasenose College, Oxford">Brasenose College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christ_Church_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Christ Church Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Christ_Church_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Christ_Church_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Christ_Church_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Christ_Church_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Christ_Church_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Christ_Church_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corpus-Christi_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Corpus-Christi College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Corpus-Christi_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Corpus-Christi_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Corpus-Christi_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Corpus-Christi_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Corpus-Christi_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Corpus-Christi_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Oxford" title="Corpus Christi College, Oxford">Corpus Christi College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exeter_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Exeter College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Exeter_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Exeter_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Exeter_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Exeter_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Exeter_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Exeter_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford" title="Exeter College, Oxford">Exeter College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green-Templeton_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Green-Templeton College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Green-Templeton_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Green-Templeton_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Green-Templeton_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Green-Templeton_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Green-Templeton_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Green-Templeton_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Templeton_College,_Oxford" title="Green Templeton College, Oxford">Green Templeton College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harris-Manchester_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Harris-Manchester College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Harris-Manchester_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Harris-Manchester_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Harris-Manchester_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Harris-Manchester_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Harris-Manchester_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Harris-Manchester_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Manchester_College,_Oxford" title="Harris Manchester College, Oxford">Harris Manchester College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hertford_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Hertford College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hertford_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Hertford_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hertford_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Hertford_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hertford_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Hertford_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertford_College,_Oxford" title="Hertford College, Oxford">Hertford College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jesus_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Jesus College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jesus_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Jesus_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jesus_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Jesus_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jesus_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Jesus_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford" title="Jesus College, Oxford">Jesus College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keble_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Keble College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Keble_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Keble_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Keble_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Keble_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Keble_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Keble_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keble_College,_Oxford" title="Keble College, Oxford">Keble College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kellogg_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Kellogg College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kellogg_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Kellogg_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kellogg_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Kellogg_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kellogg_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Kellogg_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg_College,_Oxford" title="Kellogg College, Oxford">Kellogg College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady-Margaret-Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Lady-Margaret-Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lady-Margaret-Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Lady-Margaret-Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lady-Margaret-Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Lady-Margaret-Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lady-Margaret-Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Lady-Margaret-Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Hall,_Oxford" title="Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford">Lady Margaret Hall</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linacre_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Linacre College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Linacre_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Linacre_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Linacre_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Linacre_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Linacre_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Linacre_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linacre_College,_Oxford" title="Linacre College, Oxford">Linacre College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lincoln_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Lincoln College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lincoln_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Lincoln_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lincoln_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Lincoln_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lincoln_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Lincoln_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_College,_Oxford" title="Lincoln College, Oxford">Lincoln College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magdalen_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Magdalen College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Magdalen_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Magdalen_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Magdalen_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Magdalen_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Magdalen_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Magdalen_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mansfield_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Mansfield College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mansfield_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Mansfield_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mansfield_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Mansfield_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mansfield_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Mansfield_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_College,_Oxford" title="Mansfield College, Oxford">Mansfield College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merton_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Merton College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Merton_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Merton_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Merton_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Merton_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Merton_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Merton_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="New College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/New_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-New_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/New_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-New_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/New_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-New_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuffield_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Nuffield College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nuffield_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Nuffield_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nuffield_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Nuffield_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nuffield_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Nuffield_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuffield_College,_Oxford" title="Nuffield College, Oxford">Nuffield College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oriel_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Oriel College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Oriel_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Oriel_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Oriel_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Oriel_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Oriel_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Oriel_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pembroke_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Pembroke College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Pembroke_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Pembroke_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Pembroke_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Pembroke_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Pembroke_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Pembroke_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="559"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Oxford" title="Pembroke College, Oxford">Pembroke College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queens_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Queens College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Queens_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Queens_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Queens_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Queens_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Queens_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Queens_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_College,_Oxford" title="The Queen's College, Oxford">The Queen's College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reuben_College_Coat_of_Arms.png" class="image"><img alt="Reuben College Coat of Arms.png" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Reuben_College_Coat_of_Arms.png/12px-Reuben_College_Coat_of_Arms.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Reuben_College_Coat_of_Arms.png/18px-Reuben_College_Coat_of_Arms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Reuben_College_Coat_of_Arms.png/24px-Reuben_College_Coat_of_Arms.png 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="314"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_College,_Oxford" title="Reuben College, Oxford">Reuben College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Anne%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="St-Anne's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/St-Anne%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-St-Anne%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/St-Anne%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-St-Anne%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/St-Anne%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-St-Anne%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Anne%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Anne's College, Oxford">St Anne's College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Antony%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="St-Antony's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/St-Antony%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-St-Antony%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/St-Antony%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-St-Antony%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/St-Antony%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-St-Antony%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Antony%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Antony's College, Oxford">St Antony's College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Catherines_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="St-Catherines College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/St-Catherines_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-St-Catherines_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/St-Catherines_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-St-Catherines_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/St-Catherines_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-St-Catherines_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="657"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Catherine%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Catherine's College, Oxford">St Catherine's College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Cross_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="St-Cross College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/St-Cross_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-St-Cross_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/St-Cross_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-St-Cross_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/St-Cross_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-St-Cross_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Cross_College,_Oxford" title="St Cross College, Oxford">St Cross College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Edmund-Hall_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="St-Edmund-Hall College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/St-Edmund-Hall_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-St-Edmund-Hall_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/St-Edmund-Hall_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-St-Edmund-Hall_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/St-Edmund-Hall_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-St-Edmund-Hall_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Edmund_Hall,_Oxford" title="St Edmund Hall, Oxford">St Edmund Hall</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Hilda%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="St-Hilda's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/St-Hilda%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-St-Hilda%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/St-Hilda%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-St-Hilda%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/St-Hilda%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-St-Hilda%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Hilda%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Hilda's College, Oxford">St Hilda's College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Hughs_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="St-Hughs College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/St-Hughs_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-St-Hughs_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/St-Hughs_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-St-Hughs_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/St-Hughs_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-St-Hughs_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="667"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Hugh%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Hugh's College, Oxford">St Hugh's College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-John%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="St-John's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/St-John%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-St-John%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/St-John%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-St-John%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/St-John%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-St-John%27s_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St John's College, Oxford">St John's College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Peters_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="St-Peters College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/St-Peters_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-St-Peters_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/St-Peters_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-St-Peters_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/St-Peters_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-St-Peters_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Peter's College, Oxford">St Peter's College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Somerville_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Somerville College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Somerville_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Somerville_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Somerville_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Somerville_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Somerville_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Somerville_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="657"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford" title="Somerville College, Oxford">Somerville College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trinity_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Trinity College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Trinity_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Trinity_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Trinity_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Trinity_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Trinity_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Trinity_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Oxford" title="Trinity College, Oxford">Trinity College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="University College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/University_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-University_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/University_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-University_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/University_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-University_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wadham_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Wadham College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wadham_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Wadham_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wadham_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Wadham_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wadham_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Wadham_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford" title="Wadham College, Oxford">Wadham College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolfson_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Wolfson College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Wolfson_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Wolfson_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Wolfson_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Wolfson_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Wolfson_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Wolfson_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfson_College,_Oxford" title="Wolfson College, Oxford">Wolfson College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Worcester_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Worcester College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Worcester_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Worcester_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Worcester_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Worcester_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Worcester_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Worcester_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_College,_Oxford" title="Worcester College, Oxford">Worcester College</a></li></ul> </div></div> <p>The permanent private halls were founded by different Christian denominations. One difference between a college and a PPH is that whereas colleges are governed by the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford fellow">fellows</a> of the college, the governance of a PPH resides, at least in part, with the corresponding Christian denomination. The five current PPHs are: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div class="div-col" style="column-width:12em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blackfriars_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Blackfriars Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Blackfriars_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Blackfriars_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Blackfriars_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Blackfriars_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Blackfriars_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Blackfriars_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfriars_Hall,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfriars Hall, Oxford">Blackfriars Hall</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Campion_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Campion Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Campion_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Campion_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Campion_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Campion_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Campion_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Campion_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campion_Hall,_Oxford" title="Campion Hall, Oxford">Campion Hall</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Regent%27s_Park_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Regent's Park College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Regent%27s_Park_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Regent%27s_Park_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Regent%27s_Park_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Regent%27s_Park_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Regent%27s_Park_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Regent%27s_Park_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_College,_Oxford" title="Regent's Park College, Oxford">Regent's Park College</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Stephen%27s_House_CollegeShield.png" class="image"><img alt="St Stephen's House CollegeShield.png" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/St_Stephen%27s_House_CollegeShield.png/12px-St_Stephen%27s_House_CollegeShield.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/St_Stephen%27s_House_CollegeShield.png/18px-St_Stephen%27s_House_CollegeShield.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/St_Stephen%27s_House_CollegeShield.png/24px-St_Stephen%27s_House_CollegeShield.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="856"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_House,_Oxford" title="St Stephen's House, Oxford">St Stephen's House</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wycliffe_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Wycliffe Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wycliffe_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/12px-Wycliffe_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wycliffe_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/18px-Wycliffe_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wycliffe_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg/24px-Wycliffe_Hall_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="659"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycliffe_Hall,_Oxford" title="Wycliffe Hall, Oxford">Wycliffe Hall</a></li></ul> </div></div> <p>The PPHs and colleges join as the Conference of Colleges, which represents the common concerns of the several <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Colleges of the University of Oxford">colleges</a> of the university, to discuss matters of shared interest and to act collectively when necessary, such as in dealings with the central university.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> The Conference of Colleges was established as a recommendation of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Franks,_Baron_Franks" title="Oliver Franks, Baron Franks">Franks</a> Commission in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> </p><p>Teaching members of the colleges (i.e. fellows and tutors) are collectively and familiarly known as <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_dons" class="mw-redirect" title="University dons">dons</a>, although the term is rarely used by the university itself. In addition to residential and dining facilities, the colleges provide social, cultural, and recreational activities for their members. Colleges have responsibility for admitting undergraduates and organising their tuition; for graduates, this responsibility falls upon the departments. There is no common title for the heads of colleges: the titles used include Warden, Provost, Principal, President, Rector, Master and Dean. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Finances">Finances</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg/220px-1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg/330px-1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg/440px-1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Dining hall at <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a>; the hall is an important feature of the typical Oxford college, providing a place to dine and socialise.</div></div></div> <p>In 2017–18, the university had an income of £2,237m; key sources were research grants (£579.1m) and academic fees (£332.5m).<sup id="cite_ref-OxUni2018_84-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-OxUni2018-84">[84]</a></sup> The colleges had a total income of £492.9m.<sup id="cite_ref-OxColl2018_85-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-OxColl2018-85">[85]</a></sup> </p><p>While the university has a larger annual income and operating budget, the colleges have a larger aggregate endowment: over £4.9bn compared to the university's £1.2bn.<sup id="cite_ref-Finance2019_3-3" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Finance2019-3">[3]</a></sup> The central University's endowment, along with some of the colleges', is managed by the university's wholly-owned endowment management office, Oxford University Endowment Management, formed in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup> The university used to maintain substantial investments in fossil fuel companies.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> However, in April 2020, the university committed to divest from direct investments in fossil fuel companies and to require indirect investments in fossil fuel companies be subjected to the Oxford Martin Principles.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> </p><p>The total assets of the colleges of £6.3 billion also exceed total university assets of £4.1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-OxColl2018_85-1" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-OxColl2018-85">[85]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OxUni2018_84-1" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-OxUni2018-84">[84]</a></sup> The college figure does not reflect all the assets held by the colleges as their accounts do not include the cost or value of many of their main sites or heritage assets such as works of art or libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_May_2018_90-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Guardian_May_2018-90">[90]</a></sup> </p><p>The university was one of the first in the UK to raise money through a major public fundraising campaign, the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Oxford" title="Campaign for Oxford">Campaign for Oxford</a>. The current campaign, its second, was launched in May 2008 and is entitled "Oxford Thinking – The Campaign for the University of Oxford".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup> This is looking to support three areas: academic posts and programmes, student support, and buildings and infrastructure;<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup> having passed its original target of £1.25 billion in March 2012, the target was raised to £3 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-OxUni2015_93-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-OxUni2015-93">[93]</a></sup> The campaign had raised a total of £2.8 billion by July 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-OxUni2018_84-2" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-OxUni2018-84">[84]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Funding_criticisms">Funding criticisms</span></h4> <p>The university has faced criticism for some of its sources of donations and funding. In 2017, attention was drawn to historical donations including All Souls College receiving £10,000 from slave trader <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Codrington" title="Christopher Codrington">Christopher Codrington</a> in 1710,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup> and Oriel College having receiving taken £100,000 from the will of the imperialist <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a> in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup> In 1996 a donation of £20 million was received from <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafic_Sa%C3%AFd" title="Wafic Saïd">Wafic Saïd</a> who was involved in the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Yamamah_arms_deal" title="Al-Yamamah arms deal">Al-Yammah arms deal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup> and taking £150 million from the US billionaire businessman <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Schwarzman" title="Stephen A. Schwarzman">Stephen A. Schwarzman</a> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup> The university has defended its decisions saying it "takes legal, ethical and reputational issues into consideration." </p><p>The university has also faced criticism, as noted above, over its decision to accept donations from fossil fuel companies having received £21.8 million from the fossil fuel industry between 2010 and 2015<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup> and £18.8 million between 2015 and 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup> </p><p>The university accepted £6 million from The Alexander Mosley Charitable Trust in 2021. Former racing driver <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Mosley" title="Max Mosley">Max Mosley</a> claims to have set up the trust "to house the fortune he inherited" from his father,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a> who was founder of two far right groups <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Movement" title="Union Movement">Union Movement</a> and the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Affiliations">Affiliations</span></h3> <p>Oxford is a member of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group">Russell Group</a> of research-led <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">British universities</a>, the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G5_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="G5 (education)">G5</a>, the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_European_Research_Universities" title="League of European Research Universities">League of European Research Universities</a>, and the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Research_Universities" title="International Alliance of Research Universities">International Alliance of Research Universities</a>. It is also a core member of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europaeum" title="Europaeum">Europaeum</a> and forms part of the "<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_triangle_(universities)" title="Golden triangle (universities)">golden triangle</a>" of highly research intensive and elite English universities.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Academic_profile">Academic profile</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Admission">Admission</span></h3> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;float:right;margin-left:1em"> <caption>University admission statistics<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Applications </th> <th>Offers </th> <th scope="col">Offer rate (%) </th> <th>Admitted </th> <th scope="col"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(college_admissions)" title="Yield (college admissions)">Yield (%)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>24,338 </td> <td>3,555 </td> <td>14.6 </td> <td>3,298 </td> <td>92.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>23,414 </td> <td>3,932 </td> <td>16.8 </td> <td>3,695 </td> <td>94.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>23,020 </td> <td>3,889 </td> <td>16.9 </td> <td>3,280 </td> <td>84.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>21,515 </td> <td>3,840 </td> <td>17.8 </td> <td>3,309 </td> <td>86.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>19,938 </td> <td>3,771 </td> <td>18.9 </td> <td>3,270 </td> <td>86.7 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:282px"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Percentage_of_state-school_students_at_Oxford_and_Cambridge.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Percentage_of_state-school_students_at_Oxford_and_Cambridge.png/280px-Percentage_of_state-school_students_at_Oxford_and_Cambridge.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="140" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Percentage_of_state-school_students_at_Oxford_and_Cambridge.png/420px-Percentage_of_state-school_students_at_Oxford_and_Cambridge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Percentage_of_state-school_students_at_Oxford_and_Cambridge.png/560px-Percentage_of_state-school_students_at_Oxford_and_Cambridge.png 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="456"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Percentage_of_state-school_students_at_Oxford_and_Cambridge.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Percentage of state-school students at Oxford and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup></div></div></div> <p>In common with most British universities, prospective students apply through the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCAS" title="UCAS">UCAS</a> application system, but prospective applicants for the University of Oxford, along with those for medicine, dentistry, and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> applicants, must observe an earlier deadline of 15 October.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup> The <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Trust" title="Sutton Trust">Sutton Trust</a> maintains that Oxford University and Cambridge University recruit disproportionately from 8 schools which accounted for 1,310 Oxbridge places during three years, contrasted with 1,220 from 2,900 other schools.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup> </p><p>To allow a more personalised judgement of students, who might otherwise apply for both, undergraduate applicants are not permitted to apply to both Oxford and Cambridge in the same year. The only exceptions are applicants for <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_scholar" title="Organ scholar">organ scholarships</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup> and those applying to read for a second undergraduate degree.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup> Oxford has the lowest offer rate of all Russell Group universities.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup> </p><p>Most applicants choose to apply to one of the individual colleges, which work with each other to ensure that the best students gain a place somewhere at the university regardless of their college preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup> Shortlisting is based on achieved and predicted exam results, school references, and, in some subjects, written admission tests or candidate-submitted written work. Approximately 60% of applicants are shortlisted, although this varies by subject. If a large number of shortlisted applicants for a subject choose one college, then students who named that college may be reallocated randomly to under-subscribed colleges for the subject. The colleges then invite shortlisted candidates for interview, where they are provided with food and accommodation for around three days in December. Most applicants will be individually interviewed by academics at more than one college. Students from outside Europe can be interviewed remotely, for example, over the Internet. </p><p>Offers are sent out in early January, with each offer usually being from a specific college. One in four successful candidates receives an offer from a college that they did not apply to. Some courses may make "open offers" to some candidates, who are not assigned to a particular college until <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="A Level">A Level</a> results day in August.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup> </p><p>The university has come under criticism for the number of students it accepts from private schools;<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup> for instance, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Spence_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Laura Spence Affair">Laura Spence</a>'s rejection from the university in 2000 led to widespread debate.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup> In 2016, the University of Oxford gave 59% of offers to UK students to students from state schools, while about 93% of all UK pupils and 86% of post-16 UK pupils are educated in state schools.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_state_119-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-BBC_state-119">[119]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OU_Facts_120-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-OU_Facts-120">[120]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Post16Ind_121-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Post16Ind-121">[121]</a></sup> However, 64% of UK applicants were from state schools and the university notes that state school students apply disproportionately to oversubscribed subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup> The proportion of students coming from state schools has been increasing. From 2015 to 2019, the state proportion of total UK students admitted each year was: 55.6%, 58.0%, 58.2%, 60.5% and 62.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_123-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-:3-123">[123]</a></sup> Oxford University spends over £6 million per year on outreach programs to encourage applicants from underrepresented demographics.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_state_119-1" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-BBC_state-119">[119]</a></sup> </p><p>In 2018 the university's annual admissions report revealed that eight of Oxford's colleges had accepted fewer than three black applicants in the past three years.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> MP <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">David Lammy</a> said, "This is social apartheid and it is utterly unrepresentative of life in modern Britain."<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup> In 2020, Oxford had increased its proportion of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) students to record levels.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_126-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-:4-126">[126]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_127-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-:5-127">[127]</a></sup> The number of BAME undergraduates accepted to the university in 2020 rose to 684 students, or 23.6% of the UK intake, up from 558 or 22% in 2019; the number of Black students was 106 (3.7% of the intake), up from 80 students (3.2%).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_127-1" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-:5-127">[127]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup> UCAS data also showed that Oxford is more likely than comparable institutions to make offers to ethnic minority and socially disadvantaged pupils.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_126-1" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-:4-126">[126]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Teaching_and_degrees">Teaching and degrees</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Degrees of the University of Oxford">Degrees of the University of Oxford</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_professorships_at_the_University_of_Oxford" title="List of professorships at the University of Oxford">List of professorships at the University of Oxford</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_education_at_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate education at University of Oxford">Undergraduate education at University of Oxford</a></div> <p>Undergraduate teaching is centred on the tutorial, where 1–4 students spend an hour with an academic discussing their week's work, usually an essay (humanities, most social sciences, some mathematical, physical, and life sciences) or problem sheet (most mathematical, physical, and life sciences, and some social sciences). The university itself is responsible for conducting examinations and conferring degrees. Undergraduate teaching takes place during three eight-week academic terms: <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelmas_term" title="Michaelmas term">Michaelmas</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_term" title="Hilary term">Hilary</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_term" title="Trinity term">Trinity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup> (These are officially known as 'Full Term': 'Term' is a lengthier period with little practical significance.) Internally, the weeks in a term begin on Sundays, and are referred to numerically, with the initial week known as "first week", the last as "eighth week" and with the numbering extended to refer to weeks before and after term (for example "noughth week" precedes term).<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup> Undergraduates must be in residence from Thursday of 0th week. These teaching terms are shorter than those of most other British universities,<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup> and their total duration amounts to less than half the year. However, undergraduates are also expected to do some academic work during the three holidays (known as the Christmas, Easter, and Long Vacations). </p><p>Research degrees at the master's and doctoral level are conferred in all subjects studied at graduate level at the university. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Scholarships_and_financial_support">Scholarships and financial support</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhodes_House_Oxford_20040909.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rhodes_House_Oxford_20040909.jpg/220px-Rhodes_House_Oxford_20040909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rhodes_House_Oxford_20040909.jpg/330px-Rhodes_House_Oxford_20040909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rhodes_House_Oxford_20040909.jpg/440px-Rhodes_House_Oxford_20040909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhodes_House_Oxford_20040909.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_House" title="Rhodes House">Rhodes House</a>, home to the awarding body for <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholarships</a>, is often considered as the world's most prestigious scholarship.</div></div></div> <p>There are many opportunities for students at Oxford to receive financial help during their studies. The Oxford Opportunity Bursaries, introduced in 2006, are university-wide means-based bursaries available to any British undergraduate, with a total possible grant of £10,235 over a 3-year degree. In addition, individual colleges also offer bursaries and funds to help their students. For graduate study, there are many scholarships attached to the university, available to students from all sorts of backgrounds, from <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholarships</a> to the relatively new Weidenfeld Scholarships.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup> Oxford also offers the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Fund" title="Clarendon Fund">Clarendon Scholarship</a> which is open to graduate applicants of all nationalities.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup> The Clarendon Scholarship is principally funded by <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> in association with colleges and other partnership awards.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup> In 2016, Oxford University announced that it is to run its first free online economics course as part of a "<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_open_online_course" title="Massive open online course">massive open online course</a>" (Mooc) scheme, in partnership with a US online university network.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup> The course available is called 'From Poverty to Prosperity: Understanding Economic Development'. </p><p>Students successful in early examinations are rewarded by their colleges with scholarships and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_(scholarship)" title="Exhibition (scholarship)">exhibitions</a>, normally the result of a long-standing endowment, although since the introduction of tuition fees the amounts of money available are purely nominal. Scholars, and exhibitioners in some colleges, are entitled to wear a more voluminous undergraduate gown; "commoners" (originally those who had to pay for their "commons", or food and lodging) are restricted to a short, sleeveless garment. The term "scholar" in relation to Oxford therefore has a specific meaning as well as the more general meaning of someone of outstanding academic ability. In previous times, there were "noblemen commoners" and "gentlemen commoners", but these ranks were abolished in the 19th century. "Closed" scholarships, available only to candidates who fitted specific conditions such as coming from specific schools, were abolished in the 1970s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Crook_137-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Crook-137">[137]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Libraries">Libraries</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Libraries_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Category:Libraries of the University of Oxford">Category:Libraries of the University of Oxford</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clarendon_Building,_Oxford,_England_-_May_2010.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Clarendon_Building%2C_Oxford%2C_England_-_May_2010.jpg/220px-Clarendon_Building%2C_Oxford%2C_England_-_May_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Clarendon_Building%2C_Oxford%2C_England_-_May_2010.jpg/330px-Clarendon_Building%2C_Oxford%2C_England_-_May_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Clarendon_Building%2C_Oxford%2C_England_-_May_2010.jpg/440px-Clarendon_Building%2C_Oxford%2C_England_-_May_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7181" data-file-height="3792"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clarendon_Building,_Oxford,_England_-_May_2010.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Building" title="Clarendon Building">Clarendon Building</a>, home to many senior <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> staff, previously housed the university's own central administration.</div></div></div> <p>The university maintains the largest university library system in the UK,<sup id="cite_ref-uls_15-1" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-uls-15">[15]</a></sup> and, with over 11 million volumes housed on 120 miles (190 km) of shelving, the Bodleian group is the second-largest library in the UK, after the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>. The Bodleian is a <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_deposit" title="Legal deposit">legal deposit</a> library, which means that it is entitled to request a free copy of every book published in the UK. As such, its collection is growing at a rate of over three miles (five kilometres) of shelving every year.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup> </p><p>The buildings referred to as the university's main research library, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">The Bodleian</a>, consist of the original Bodleian Library in the Old Schools Quadrangle, founded by <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bodley" title="Thomas Bodley">Sir Thomas Bodley</a> in 1598 and opened in 1602,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup> the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Camera" title="Radcliffe Camera">Radcliffe Camera</a>, the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Building" title="Clarendon Building">Clarendon Building</a>, and the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_Library" title="Weston Library">Weston Library</a>. A tunnel underneath <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Street,_Oxford" title="Broad Street, Oxford">Broad Street</a> connects these buildings, with the Gladstone Link, which opened to readers in 2011, connecting the Old Bodleian and Radcliffe Camera. </p><p>The <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Libraries" title="Bodleian Libraries">Bodleian Libraries</a> group was formed in 2000, bringing the Bodleian Library and some of the subject libraries together.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_140-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-timeline-140">[140]</a></sup> It now comprises 28<sup id="cite_ref-Bodleian_Libraries_list_141-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Bodleian_Libraries_list-141">[141]</a></sup> libraries, a number of which have been created by bringing previously separate collections together, including the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sackler_Library" title="Sackler Library">Sackler Library</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Law_Library" title="Bodleian Law Library">Law Library</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Social_Science_Library,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodleian Social Science Library, Oxford">Social Science Library</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Science_Library" title="Radcliffe Science Library">Radcliffe Science Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_140-1" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-timeline-140">[140]</a></sup> Another major product of this collaboration has been a joint integrated library system, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Libraries_Information_System" title="Oxford Libraries Information System">OLIS</a> (<b>O</b>xford <b>L</b>ibraries <b>I</b>nformation <b>S</b>ystem),<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup> and its public interface, <b>SOLO</b> (<b>S</b>earch <b>O</b>xford <b>L</b>ibraries <b>O</b>nline), which provides an electronic catalogue covering all member libraries, as well as the libraries of individual colleges and other faculty libraries, which are not members of the group but do share cataloguing information.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-143">[143]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duke_Humfrey%27s_Library_Interior_5,_Bodleian_Library,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Duke_Humfrey%27s_Library_Interior_5%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Duke_Humfrey%27s_Library_Interior_5%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Duke_Humfrey%27s_Library_Interior_5%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-Duke_Humfrey%27s_Library_Interior_5%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Duke_Humfrey%27s_Library_Interior_5%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-Duke_Humfrey%27s_Library_Interior_5%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2120" data-file-height="1772"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duke_Humfrey%27s_Library_Interior_5,_Bodleian_Library,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Humfrey%27s_Library" title="Duke Humfrey's Library">Duke Humfrey's Library</a> in the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a></div></div></div> <p>A new book depository opened in <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Marston" title="South Marston">South Marston</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a> in October 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup> and recent building projects include the remodelling of the New Bodleian building, which was renamed the Weston Library when it reopened in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-145">[145]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weston_Library_Open_146-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Weston_Library_Open-146">[146]</a></sup> The renovation is designed to better showcase the library's various treasures (which include a Shakespeare <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a> and a <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a>) as well as temporary exhibitions. </p><p>The Bodleian engaged in a mass-digitisation project with Google in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-147">[147]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-148">[148]</a></sup> Notable electronic resources hosted by the Bodleian Group include the <i>Electronic Enlightenment Project</i>, which was awarded the 2010 Digital Prize by the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Society_for_Eighteenth-Century_Studies" title="British Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies">British Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-149">[149]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Museums">Museums</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Museums_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Category:Museums of the University of Oxford">Category:Museums of the University of Oxford</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_of_Pitt_Rivers_Museum_2015.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Interior_of_Pitt_Rivers_Museum_2015.JPG/220px-Interior_of_Pitt_Rivers_Museum_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Interior_of_Pitt_Rivers_Museum_2015.JPG/330px-Interior_of_Pitt_Rivers_Museum_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Interior_of_Pitt_Rivers_Museum_2015.JPG/440px-Interior_of_Pitt_Rivers_Museum_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5741" data-file-height="3721"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_of_Pitt_Rivers_Museum_2015.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Interior of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitt_Rivers_Museum" title="Pitt Rivers Museum">Pitt Rivers Museum</a></div></div></div> <p>Oxford maintains a number of museums and galleries, open for free to the public. The <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a>, founded in 1683, is the oldest museum in the UK, and the oldest university museum in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-150">[150]</a></sup> It holds significant collections of art and archaeology, including works by <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a>, as well as treasures such as the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion_Macehead" title="Scorpion Macehead">Scorpion Macehead</a>, the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parian_Chronicle" title="Parian Chronicle">Parian Marble</a> and the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jewel" title="Alfred Jewel">Alfred Jewel</a>. It also contains "<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_Stradivarius" title="Messiah Stradivarius">The Messiah</a>", a pristine Stradivarius violin, regarded by some as one of the finest examples in existence. </p><p>The <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History">University Museum of Natural History</a> holds the university's zoological, entomological and geological specimens. It is housed in a large neo-Gothic building on <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_Road" title="Parks Road">Parks Road</a>, in the university's <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Area,_Oxford" title="Science Area, Oxford">Science Area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-151">[151]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-152">[152]</a></sup> Among its collection are the skeletons of a <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus rex</a></i> and <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triceratops" title="Triceratops">Triceratops</a></i>, and the most complete remains of a <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">dodo</a> found anywhere in the world. It also hosts the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Simonyi" title="Charles Simonyi">Simonyi</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simonyi_Professorship_for_the_Public_Understanding_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonyi Professorship for the Public Understanding of Science">Professorship of the Public Understanding of Science</a>, currently held by <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_du_Sautoy" title="Marcus du Sautoy">Marcus du Sautoy</a>. </p><p>Adjoining the Museum of Natural History is the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitt_Rivers_Museum" title="Pitt Rivers Museum">Pitt Rivers Museum</a>, founded in 1884, which displays the university's archaeological and anthropological collections, currently holding over 500,000 items. It recently built a new research annexe; its staff have been involved with the teaching of anthropology at Oxford since its foundation, when as part of his donation General <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Pitt_Rivers" title="Augustus Pitt Rivers">Augustus Pitt Rivers</a> stipulated that the university establish a lectureship in anthropology. </p><p>The <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_Science,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the History of Science, Oxford">Museum of the History of Science</a> is housed on Broad Street in the world's oldest-surviving purpose-built museum building.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-153">[153]</a></sup> It contains 15,000 artefacts, from antiquity to the 20th century, representing almost all aspects of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">history of science</a>. In the Faculty of Music on <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Aldate%27s,_Oxford" title="St Aldate's, Oxford">St Aldate's</a> is the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bate_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Bate Collection">Bate Collection</a> of Musical Instruments, a collection mostly of instruments from Western classical music, from the medieval period onwards. <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Picture_Gallery" title="Christ Church Picture Gallery">Christ Church Picture Gallery</a> holds a collection of over 200 <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_master" class="mw-redirect" title="Old master">old master</a> paintings. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Publishing">Publishing</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></div> <p>The Oxford University Press is the world's second oldest and currently the largest <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_press" title="University press">university press</a> by the number of publications.<sup id="cite_ref-publishing_154-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-publishing-154">[154]</a></sup> More than 6,000 new books are published annually,<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-155">[155]</a></sup> including many reference, professional, and academic works (such as the <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, the <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concise_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Concise Oxford English Dictionary">Concise Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, the <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_World%27s_Classics" title="Oxford World's Classics">Oxford World's Classics</a></i>, the <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>, and the <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concise_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Concise Dictionary of National Biography">Concise Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>). </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rankings_and_reputation">Rankings and reputation</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings">Rankings</a></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#e0e0e0"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">National rankings</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#The_Complete_University_Guide" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">Complete</a></i> (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-Complete_League_Table_156-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Complete_League_Table-156">[156]</a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#The_Guardian" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">Guardian</a></i> (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_University_Guide_157-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-The_Guardian_University_Guide-157">[157]</a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#The_Times/The_Sunday_Times" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">Times / Sunday Times</a></i> (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-The_Times_and_Sunday_Times_University_Guide_158-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-The_Times_and_Sunday_Times_University_Guide-158">[158]</a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#e0e0e0">Global rankings</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a></i> (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-THE_World_University_Rankings_159-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-THE_World_University_Rankings-159">[159]</a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a></i> (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-QS_World_University_Rankings_160-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-QS_World_University_Rankings-160">[160]</a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a></i> (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities_161-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities-161">[161]</a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">7</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Oxford is regularly ranked within the top five universities in the world and is currently ranked first in the world in the <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-162">[162]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-163">[163]</a></sup> as well as the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>'s World University Rankings.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-164">[164]</a></sup> It held the number one position in the <i>Times Good University Guide</i> for eleven consecutive years,<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup> and the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Medical_School" title="Oxford University Medical School">medical school</a> has also maintained first place in the "Clinical, Pre-Clinical & Health" table of the <i>Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings</i> for the past seven consecutive years.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-166">[166]</a></sup> In 2021, it ranked sixth among the universities around the world by <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCImago_Institutions_Rankings" title="SCImago Institutions Rankings">SCImago Institutions Rankings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-167">[167]</a></sup> The <i>THE</i> has also recognised Oxford as one of the world's "six super brands" on its <i>World Reputation Rankings</i>, along with <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-168">[168]</a></sup> The university is fifth worldwide on the <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_University_Ranking" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking">US News</a></i> ranking.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-169">[169]</a></sup> Its <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%AFd_Business_School" title="Saïd Business School">Saïd Business School</a> came 13th in the world in <i>Financial Times</i> <i>Global MBA Ranking</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup> </p><p>Oxford was ranked 13th in the world in 2022 by the Nature Index, which measures the largest contributors to papers published in 82 leading journals.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_Index_2016_171-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Nature_Index_2016-171">[171]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nature_Index_FAQs_172-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Nature_Index_FAQs-172">[172]</a></sup> It is ranked fifth best university worldwide and first in Britain for forming <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEOs</a> according to the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mines_ParisTech_:_Professional_Ranking_World_Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities"><i>Professional Ranking World Universities</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-173">[173]</a></sup> and first in the UK for the quality of its graduates as chosen by the recruiters of the UK's major companies.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-174">[174]</a></sup> </p><p>In the 2018 <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_University_Guide" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete University Guide">Complete University Guide</a>, all 38 subjects offered by Oxford rank within the top 10 nationally meaning Oxford was one of only two multi-faculty universities (along with <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>) in the UK to have 100% of their subjects in the top 10.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-175">[175]</a></sup> Computer Science, Medicine, Philosophy, Politics and Psychology were ranked first in the UK by the guide.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-176">[176]</a></sup> </p><p>According to the QS World University Rankings by Subject, the University of Oxford also ranks as number one in the world for four Humanities disciplines: English Language and Literature, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Languages">Modern Languages</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a>, and History. It also ranks second globally for Anthropology, Archaeology, Law, Medicine, Politics & International Studies, and Psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-177">[177]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Student_life">Student life</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Traditions">Traditions</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Academic dress of the University of Oxford">Academic dress of the University of Oxford</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toby_Virno_sub_fusc.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Toby_Virno_sub_fusc.JPG/170px-Toby_Virno_sub_fusc.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Toby_Virno_sub_fusc.JPG/255px-Toby_Virno_sub_fusc.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Toby_Virno_sub_fusc.JPG/340px-Toby_Virno_sub_fusc.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toby_Virno_sub_fusc.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An undergraduate student at the University of Oxford in <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfusc">subfusc</a> for matriculation</div></div></div> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_dress" title="Academic dress">Academic dress</a> is required for examinations, matriculation, disciplinary hearings, and when visiting university officers. A referendum held among the Oxford student body in 2015 showed 76% against making it voluntary in examinations – 8,671 students voted, with the 40.2% turnout the highest ever for a UK student union referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-178">[178]</a></sup> This was widely interpreted by students as being a vote not so much on making <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfusc">subfusc</a> voluntary, but rather, in effect, on abolishing it by default, in that if a minority of people came to exams without subfusc, the rest would soon follow.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-179">[179]</a></sup> In July 2012 the regulations regarding academic dress were modified to be more inclusive to <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-180">[180]</a></sup> </p><p>Other traditions and customs vary by college. For example, some colleges have <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal hall">formal hall</a> six times a week, but in others this only happens occasionally, or even not at all. At most colleges these formal meals require gowns to be worn, and a Latin grace is said. </p><p><i>Balls</i> are major events held by colleges; the largest, held triennially in ninth week of Trinity Term, are called <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemoration_ball" title="Commemoration ball">commemoration balls</a>; the dress code is usually <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_tie" title="White tie">white tie</a>. Many other colleges hold smaller events during the year that they call summer balls or parties. These are usually held on an annual or irregular basis, and are usually <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_tie" title="Black tie">black tie</a>. </p><p><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_(boat)" title="Punt (boat)">Punting</a> is a common summer leisure activity. </p><p>There are several more or less quirky traditions peculiar to individual colleges, for example the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallard_Song" title="Mallard Song">All Souls Mallard song</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Clubs_and_societies">Clubs and societies</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Clubs_and_societies_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Category:Clubs and societies of the University of Oxford">Category:Clubs and societies of the University of Oxford</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eights_2005.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Eights_2005.JPG/220px-Eights_2005.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Eights_2005.JPG/330px-Eights_2005.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Eights_2005.JPG/440px-Eights_2005.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eights_2005.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Rowing at <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eights_Week" title="Eights Week">Eights Week</a>, an annual intercollegiate <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumps_race" title="Bumps race">bumps race</a></div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UnionBuildingsDebateChamber.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/UnionBuildingsDebateChamber.jpg/220px-UnionBuildingsDebateChamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/UnionBuildingsDebateChamber.jpg/330px-UnionBuildingsDebateChamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/UnionBuildingsDebateChamber.jpg/440px-UnionBuildingsDebateChamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="1236"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UnionBuildingsDebateChamber.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a>'s debating chamber</div></div></div> <p>Sport is played between college teams, in tournaments known as <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuppers" title="Cuppers">cuppers</a> (the term is also used for some non-sporting competitions). In addition to these there are higher standard <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Oxford_student_sports_clubs" title="Category:Oxford student sports clubs">university wide groups</a>. Significant focus is given to annual <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_match" title="Varsity match">varsity</a> matches played against Cambridge, the most famous of which is <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boat_Race" title="The Boat Race">The Boat Race</a>, watched by a TV audience of between five and ten million viewers. This outside interest reflects the importance of rowing to many of those within the university. Much attention is given to the termly intercollegiate rowing regattas: Christ Church Regatta, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpids" title="Torpids">Torpids</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Eights" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Eights">Summer Eights</a>. A <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_(university_sport)" title="Blue (university sport)">blue</a> is an award given to those who compete at the university team level in certain sports. As well as traditional sports, there are teams for activities such as <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopush" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopush">Octopush</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quidditch_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quidditch (sport)">quidditch</a>. </p><p>There are two weekly student newspapers: the independent <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherwell_(newspaper)" title="Cherwell (newspaper)">Cherwell</a></i> and OUSU's <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Student" title="The Oxford Student">The Oxford Student</a></i>. Other publications include the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Isis magazine"><i>Isis</i> magazine</a>, the satirical <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxymoron" title="The Oxymoron">Oxymoron</a></i>, the graduate <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxonian_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxonian Review of Books">Oxonian Review</a></i>, the <i>Oxford Political Review</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-181">[181]</a></sup> and the online only newspaper <i>The Oxford Blue</i>. The <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">student radio</a> station is <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxide_Radio" title="Oxide Radio">Oxide Radio</a>. Most colleges have chapel choirs. Music, drama, and other arts societies exist both at the collegiate level and as university-wide groups, such as the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Dramatic_Society" title="Oxford University Dramatic Society">Oxford University Dramatic Society</a> and the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Revue" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Revue">Oxford Revue</a>. Unlike most other collegiate societies, musical ensembles actively encourage players from other colleges. </p><p><br> Most academic areas have student societies of some form which are open to students studying all courses, for example the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Scientific_Society" title="Oxford University Scientific Society">Scientific Society</a>. There are groups for almost all faiths, political parties, countries, and cultures. </p><p>The <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a> (not to be confused with the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Student_Union" title="Oxford University Student Union">Oxford University Student Union</a>) hosts weekly debates and high-profile speakers. There have historically been elite invitation-only societies such as the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullingdon_Club" title="Bullingdon Club">Bullingdon Club</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Student_union_and_common_rooms">Student union and common rooms</span></h3> <p>The <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Student_Union" title="Oxford University Student Union">Oxford University Student Union</a>, formerly better known by its acronym OUSU and now rebranded as Oxford SU,<sup id="cite_ref-OxfordSU_182-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-OxfordSU-182">[182]</a></sup> exists to represent students in the university's decision-making, to act as the voice for students in the national higher education policy debate, and to provide direct services to the student body. Reflecting the collegiate nature of the University of Oxford itself, OUSU is both an association of Oxford's more than 21,000 individual students and a federation of the affiliated college common rooms, and other affiliated organisations that represent subsets of the undergraduate and graduate students. The OUSU Executive Committee includes six full-time salaried sabbatical officers, who generally serve in the year following completion of their Final Examinations. </p><p>The importance of collegiate life is such that for many students their college JCR (Junior Common Room, for undergraduates) or MCR (Middle Common Room, for graduates) is seen as more important than OUSU. JCRs and MCRs each have a committee, with a president and other elected students representing their peers to college authorities. Additionally, they organise events and often have significant budgets to spend as they wish (money coming from their colleges and sometimes other sources such as student-run bars). (It is worth noting that JCR and MCR are terms that are used to refer to rooms for use by members, as well as the student bodies.) Not all colleges use this JCR/MCR structure, for example <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadham College">Wadham College</a>'s entire student population is represented by a combined Students' Union and purely graduate colleges have different arrangements. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_alumni">Notable alumni</span></h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Oxford_people" title="List of University of Oxford people">List of University of Oxford people</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Oxford">List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Oxford</a></div> <p>Throughout its history, a sizeable number of Oxford alumni, known as Oxonians, have become notable in many varied fields, both academic and otherwise. A total of 70 Nobel prize-winners have studied or taught at Oxford, with prizes won in all six categories.<sup id="cite_ref-Famous_16-2" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Famous-16">[16]</a></sup> More information on notable members of the university can be found in the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Colleges of the University of Oxford">individual college</a> articles. An individual may be associated with two or more colleges, as an undergraduate, postgraduate and/or member of staff. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:393px;max-width:393px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">British Prime Ministers who attended Oxford University</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:179px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Margaret_Thatcher.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Margaret_Thatcher.png/129px-Margaret_Thatcher.png" decoding="async" width="129" height="179" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Margaret_Thatcher.png/194px-Margaret_Thatcher.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Margaret_Thatcher.png/258px-Margaret_Thatcher.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="1099"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford" title="Somerville College, Oxford">Somerville College</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:179px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tony_Blair_(2010).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tony_Blair_%282010%29.jpg/117px-Tony_Blair_%282010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="180" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tony_Blair_%282010%29.jpg/176px-Tony_Blair_%282010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tony_Blair_%282010%29.jpg/234px-Tony_Blair_%282010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="2897"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St John's College, Oxford">St John's College</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:179px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancellor_Rishi_Sunak_(cropped).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chancellor_Rishi_Sunak_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Chancellor_Rishi_Sunak_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chancellor_Rishi_Sunak_%28cropped%29.jpg/203px-Chancellor_Rishi_Sunak_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chancellor_Rishi_Sunak_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Chancellor_Rishi_Sunak_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="2688"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_College,_Oxford" title="Lincoln College, Oxford">Lincoln College</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Thirty British <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime ministers</a> have attended Oxford, including <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a>. Of all the post-war prime ministers, only <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> was educated at a university other than Oxford (the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>), while <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> never attended a university.<sup id="cite_ref-ebp_183-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-ebp-183">[183]</a></sup> </p><p>Over 100 Oxford alumni were elected to the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-ebp_183-1" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-ebp-183">[183]</a></sup> This includes former <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a>, and numerous members of the cabinet and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_cabinet" title="Shadow cabinet">shadow cabinet</a>. Additionally, over 140 Oxonians sit in the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lords of the United Kingdom">House of Lords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Famous_16-3" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Famous-16">[16]</a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:391px;max-width:391px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">International leaders who attended Oxford University</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Remise_du_Prix_Sakharov_%C3%A0_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_Strasbourg_22_octobre_2013-18.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Remise_du_Prix_Sakharov_%C3%A0_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_Strasbourg_22_octobre_2013-18.jpg/118px-Remise_du_Prix_Sakharov_%C3%A0_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_Strasbourg_22_octobre_2013-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="177" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Remise_du_Prix_Sakharov_%C3%A0_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_Strasbourg_22_octobre_2013-18.jpg/177px-Remise_du_Prix_Sakharov_%C3%A0_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_Strasbourg_22_octobre_2013-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Remise_du_Prix_Sakharov_%C3%A0_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_Strasbourg_22_octobre_2013-18.jpg/236px-Remise_du_Prix_Sakharov_%C3%A0_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_Strasbourg_22_octobre_2013-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2865" data-file-height="4297"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Hugh%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Hugh's College, Oxford">St Hugh's College</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg/125px-Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="177" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg/188px-Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg/250px-Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="2145"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford" title="Somerville College, Oxford">Somerville College</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/136px-Bill_Clinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="177" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/204px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/272px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="3000"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>At least 30 other international leaders have been educated at Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-Famous_16-4" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Famous-16">[16]</a></sup> This number includes <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway" title="Harald V of Norway">Harald V of Norway</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-184">[184]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II of Jordan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Famous_16-5" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Famous-16">[16]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II of the Netherlands</a>, five <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Ministers of Australia</a> (<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">John Gorton</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Tony Abbott</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Malcolm Turnbull</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-185">[185]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-186">[186]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-187">[187]</a></sup> Six <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Ministers of Pakistan</a> (<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a>, Sir <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feroz_Khan_Noon" title="Feroz Khan Noon">Feroz Khan Noon</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto">Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Famous_16-6" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Famous-16">[16]</a></sup> two <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Ministers of Canada</a> (<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Famous_16-7" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Famous-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-188">[188]</a></sup> two <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Ministers of India</a> (<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, though the latter did not finish her degree),<sup id="cite_ref-Famous_16-8" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Famous-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-189">[189]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Ceylon">Prime Minister of Ceylon</a> (<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike" title="S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike">S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike</a>), <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Washington_Manley" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Washington Manley">Norman Washington Manley</a> of Jamaica,<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-190">[190]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitham_bin_Tariq_Al_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitham bin Tariq Al Said">Haitham bin Tariq Al Said</a> (Sultan of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-191">[191]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Williams" title="Eric Williams">Eric Williams</a> (Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago), <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a> (former President of Peru), <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhisit_Vejjajiva" title="Abhisit Vejjajiva">Abhisit Vejjajiva</a> (former Prime Minister of Thailand), and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (the first President of the United States to have attended Oxford; he attended as a <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes Scholar">Rhodes Scholar</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Famous_16-9" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Famous-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-192">[192]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Mutambara" title="Arthur Mutambara">Arthur Mutambara</a> (Deputy Prime Minister of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>), was a <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes Scholar">Rhodes Scholar</a> in 1991. <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seretse_Khama" title="Seretse Khama">Seretse Khama</a>, first president of Botswana, spent a year at Balliol College. <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festus_Mogae" title="Festus Mogae">Festus Mogae</a> (former president of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) was a student at <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College</a>. The Burmese democracy activist and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel laureate</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>, was a student of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Hugh%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Hugh's College, Oxford">St Hugh's College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-193">[193]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck">Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck</a>, the current reigning <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druk_Gyalpo" title="Druk Gyalpo">Druk Gyalpo</a> (Dragon King) of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, was a member of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-194">[194]</a></sup> The world's youngest Nobel Prize laureate, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a>, completed a BA in Philosophy, Politics and Economics.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-195">[195]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Law">Law</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Lawyers who attended Oxford University</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1_David_Neuberger,_Baron_Neuberger_of_Abbotsbury_2016.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/1_David_Neuberger%2C_Baron_Neuberger_of_Abbotsbury_2016.jpg/128px-1_David_Neuberger%2C_Baron_Neuberger_of_Abbotsbury_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="178" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/1_David_Neuberger%2C_Baron_Neuberger_of_Abbotsbury_2016.jpg/192px-1_David_Neuberger%2C_Baron_Neuberger_of_Abbotsbury_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/1_David_Neuberger%2C_Baron_Neuberger_of_Abbotsbury_2016.jpg/256px-1_David_Neuberger%2C_Baron_Neuberger_of_Abbotsbury_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3540" data-file-height="4912"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Neuberger,_Baron_Neuberger_of_Abbotsbury" title="David Neuberger, Baron Neuberger of Abbotsbury">David Neuberger</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ronald_Dworkin_at_the_Brooklyn_Book_Festival.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ronald_Dworkin_at_the_Brooklyn_Book_Festival.jpg/133px-Ronald_Dworkin_at_the_Brooklyn_Book_Festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="177" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ronald_Dworkin_at_the_Brooklyn_Book_Festival.jpg/200px-Ronald_Dworkin_at_the_Brooklyn_Book_Festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ronald_Dworkin_at_the_Brooklyn_Book_Festival.jpg/266px-Ronald_Dworkin_at_the_Brooklyn_Book_Festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Ronald Dworkin</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elena_Kagan_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait_(2013).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Elena_Kagan_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait_%282013%29.jpg/119px-Elena_Kagan_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait_%282013%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="179" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Elena_Kagan_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait_%282013%29.jpg/179px-Elena_Kagan_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait_%282013%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Elena_Kagan_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait_%282013%29.jpg/238px-Elena_Kagan_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait_%282013%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_College,_Oxford" title="Worcester College, Oxford">Worcester College</a></div></div></div></div></div><p>Oxford has produced a large number of distinguished <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurists</a>, judges and lawyers around the world. <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bingham,_Baron_Bingham_of_Cornhill" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Bingham, Baron Bingham of Cornhill">Lords Bingham</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Denning,_Baron_Denning" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Denning, Baron Denning">Denning</a>, commonly recognised as two of the most influential English judges in the history of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_196-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-:1-196">[196]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-197">[197]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-198">[198]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_199-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-:2-199">[199]</a></sup> both studied at Oxford. Within the United Kingdom, three of the current <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">justices of the Supreme Court</a> are Oxford-educated: <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Reed,_Lord_Reed" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Reed, Lord Reed">Robert Reed</a> (Deputy President of the Supreme Court), <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Wilson,_Lord_Wilson_of_Culworth" title="Nicholas Wilson, Lord Wilson of Culworth">Nicholas Wilson</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Briggs,_Lord_Briggs_of_Westbourne" title="Michael Briggs, Lord Briggs of Westbourne">Michael Briggs</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-200">[200]</a></sup> retired Justices include <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Neuberger,_Baron_Neuberger_of_Abbotsbury" title="David Neuberger, Baron Neuberger of Abbotsbury">David Neuberger</a> (President of the Supreme Court 2012–2017), <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Mance,_Baron_Mance" title="Jonathan Mance, Baron Mance">Jonathan Mance</a> (Deputy President of the Supreme Court 2017–2018), <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rodger,_Baron_Rodger_of_Earlsferry" title="Alan Rodger, Baron Rodger of Earlsferry">Alan Rodger</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Sumption,_Lord_Sumption" title="Jonathan Sumption, Lord Sumption">Jonathan Sumption</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Saville,_Baron_Saville_of_Newdigate" title="Mark Saville, Baron Saville of Newdigate">Mark Saville</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dyson,_Lord_Dyson" title="John Dyson, Lord Dyson">John Dyson</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Brown,_Baron_Brown_of_Eaton-under-Heywood" title="Simon Brown, Baron Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood">Simon Brown</a>. The twelve <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellors</a> and nine <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justices</a> that have been educated at Oxford include <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bingham,_Baron_Bingham_of_Cornhill" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Bingham, Baron Bingham of Cornhill">Thomas Bingham</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_196-1" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-:1-196">[196]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Buckmaster,_1st_Viscount_Buckmaster" title="Stanley Buckmaster, 1st Viscount Buckmaster">Stanley Buckmaster</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-201">[201]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-202">[202]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Simonds,_1st_Viscount_Simonds" title="Gavin Simonds, 1st Viscount Simonds">Gavin Simonds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-203">[203]</a></sup> The twenty-two <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Lords">Law Lords</a> count amongst them <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Hoffmann,_Baron_Hoffmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann">Leonard Hoffmann</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Diplock,_Baron_Diplock" title="Kenneth Diplock, Baron Diplock">Kenneth Diplock</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wilberforce,_Baron_Wilberforce" title="Richard Wilberforce, Baron Wilberforce">Richard Wilberforce</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Atkin,_Baron_Atkin" title="James Atkin, Baron Atkin">James Atkin</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Brown,_Baron_Brown_of_Eaton-under-Heywood" title="Simon Brown, Baron Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood">Simon Brown</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Browne-Wilkinson,_Baron_Browne-Wilkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson, Baron Browne-Wilkinson">Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Goff,_Baron_Goff_of_Chieveley" title="Robert Goff, Baron Goff of Chieveley">Robert Goff</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Hutton,_Baron_Hutton" title="Brian Hutton, Baron Hutton">Brian Hutton</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Mance,_Baron_Mance" title="Jonathan Mance, Baron Mance">Jonathan Mance</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rodger,_Baron_Rodger_of_Earlsferry" title="Alan Rodger, Baron Rodger of Earlsferry">Alan Rodger</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Saville,_Baron_Saville_of_Newdigate" title="Mark Saville, Baron Saville of Newdigate">Mark Saville</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Scarman,_Baron_Scarman" title="Leslie Scarman, Baron Scarman">Leslie Scarman</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Steyn,_Baron_Steyn" title="Johan Steyn, Baron Steyn">Johan Steyn</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-204">[204]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_the_Rolls" title="Master of the Rolls">Master of the Rolls</a> include <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Denning,_Baron_Denning" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Denning, Baron Denning">Alfred Denning</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Greene,_1st_Baron_Greene" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilfred Greene, 1st Baron Greene">Wilfred Greene</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:2_199-1" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-:2-199">[199]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Justice_of_Appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Justice of Appeal">Lord Justices of Appeal</a> include <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Laws_(judge)" title="John Laws (judge)">John Laws</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Leveson" title="Brian Leveson">Brian Leveson</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mummery" title="John Mummery">John Mummery</a>. The British Government's <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">Attorneys General</a> have included <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Grieve" title="Dominic Grieve">Dominic Grieve</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Lyell,_Baron_Lyell_of_Markyate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Lyell, Baron Lyell of Markyate">Nicholas Lyell</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Mayhew" title="Patrick Mayhew">Patrick Mayhew</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hobson_(politician)" title="John Hobson (politician)">John Hobson</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Manningham-Buller,_1st_Viscount_Dilhorne" title="Reginald Manningham-Buller, 1st Viscount Dilhorne">Reginald Manningham-Buller</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Heald" title="Lionel Heald">Lionel Heald</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Soskice,_Baron_Stow_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Soskice, Baron Stow Hill">Frank Soskice</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe,_1st_Earl_of_Kilmuir" title="David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir">David Maxwell Fyfe</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Somervell,_Baron_Somervell_of_Harrow" title="Donald Somervell, Baron Somervell of Harrow">Donald Somervell</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">William Jowitt</a>; <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_(England_and_Wales)" title="Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)">Directors of Public Prosecutions</a> include Sir <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hetherington" title="Thomas Hetherington">Thomas Hetherington</a> QC, Dame <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Mills" title="Barbara Mills">Barbara Mills</a> QC and Sir <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a> QC. </p><p>In the United States, three of the nine incumbent <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Justices of the Supreme Court</a> are Oxonians, namely <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-205">[205]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-206">[206]</a></sup> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-207">[207]</a></sup> retired Justices include <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">John Marshall Harlan II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-208">[208]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-209">[209]</a></sup> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-210">[210]</a></sup> Internationally, Oxonians Sir <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Waldock" title="Humphrey Waldock">Humphrey Waldock</a><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-211">[211]</a></sup> served in the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>; <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akua_Kuenyehia" title="Akua Kuenyehia">Akua Kuenyehia</a>, sat in the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>; Sir <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Bratza" title="Nicolas Bratza">Nicolas Bratza</a><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-212">[212]</a></sup> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mahoney_(English_judge)" title="Paul Mahoney (English judge)">Paul Mahoney</a> sat in the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>; <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Hayne" title="Kenneth Hayne">Kenneth Hayne</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-213">[213]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_Heydon" title="Dyson Heydon">Dyson Heydon</a>, as well as <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Keane_(justice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Keane (justice)">Patrick Keane</a> sat in the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a>; both <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailas_Nath_Wanchoo" title="Kailas Nath Wanchoo">Kailas Nath Wanchoo</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._N._Ray" title="A. N. Ray">A. N. Ray</a> served as Chief Justices of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a>; <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia_Sorabji" title="Cornelia Sorabji">Cornelia Sorabji</a>, Oxford's first female law student, was India's first female advocate; in Hong Kong, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarif_Barma" title="Aarif Barma">Aarif Barma</a>, Thomas Au and Doreen Le Pichon<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-214">[214]</a></sup> currently serve in the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(Hong_Kong)" title="Court of Appeal (Hong Kong)">Court of Appeal (Hong Kong)</a>, while <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ching" title="Charles Ching">Charles Ching</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Litton" title="Henry Litton">Henry Litton</a> both served as Permanent Judges of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong">Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-215">[215]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Ackermann" title="Laurie Ackermann">Laurie Ackermann</a><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-216">[216]</a></sup> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Cameron" title="Edwin Cameron">Edwin Cameron</a><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-217">[217]</a></sup> served on South Africa's <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Constitutional Court of South Africa">Constitutional Court</a>; six <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puisne_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Puisne Justice">Puisne Justices</a> of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> and a chief justice of the now defunct <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Canada" title="Federal Court of Canada">Federal Court of Canada</a> were also educated at Oxford. </p><p>The list of noted <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal scholar">legal scholars</a> includes <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._A._Hart" title="H. L. A. Hart">H. L. A. Hart</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hodgson_218-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Hodgson-218">[218]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Ronald Dworkin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hodgson_218-1" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Hodgson-218">[218]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Burrows" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Burrows">Andrew Burrows</a>, Sir <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guenter_Treitel" title="Guenter Treitel">Guenter Treitel</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Waldron" title="Jeremy Waldron">Jeremy Waldron</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._V._Dicey" title="A. V. Dicey">A. V. Dicey</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gardner_(legal_philosopher)" title="John Gardner (legal philosopher)">John Gardner</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Gorman" title="Robert A. Gorman">Robert A. Gorman</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Endicott" title="Timothy Endicott">Timothy Endicott</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Birks" title="Peter Birks">Peter Birks</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">John Finnis</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ashworth" title="Andrew Ashworth">Andrew Ashworth</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Raz" title="Joseph Raz">Joseph Raz</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Craig_(law_professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Craig (law professor)">Paul Craig</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Green_(philosopher)" title="Leslie Green (philosopher)">Leslie Green</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Honor%C3%A9" title="Tony Honoré">Tony Honoré</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_MacCormick" title="Neil MacCormick">Neil MacCormick</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Collins" title="Hugh Collins">Hugh Collins</a>. Other distinguished practitioners who have attended Oxford include <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pannick,_Baron_Pannick" title="David Pannick, Baron Pannick">Lord Pannick</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">Qc</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-219">[219]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Robertson" title="Geoffrey Robertson">Geoffrey Robertson</a> QC, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amal_Clooney" title="Amal Clooney">Amal Clooney</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-220">[220]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Faulks,_Baron_Faulks" title="Edward Faulks, Baron Faulks">Lord Faulks</a> QC, and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinah_Rose" title="Dinah Rose">Dinah Rose</a> QC. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mathematics_and_sciences">Mathematics and sciences</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Scientists who attended Oxford University</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:185px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg/129px-Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="185" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg/194px-Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="359"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:185px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tim_Berners-Lee_CP_2_head_crop.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tim_Berners-Lee_CP_2_head_crop.jpg/120px-Tim_Berners-Lee_CP_2_head_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="185" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tim_Berners-Lee_CP_2_head_crop.jpg/180px-Tim_Berners-Lee_CP_2_head_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tim_Berners-Lee_CP_2_head_crop.jpg/240px-Tim_Berners-Lee_CP_2_head_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="1716"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_College,_Oxford" title="The Queen's College, Oxford">The Queen's College</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:185px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg/131px-Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="185" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg/197px-Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg/262px-Dorothy_Hodgkin_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford" title="Somerville College, Oxford">Somerville College</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Four Oxford mathematicians, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Quillen" title="Daniel Quillen">Daniel Quillen</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Donaldson" title="Simon Donaldson">Simon Donaldson</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Maynard_(mathematician)" title="James Maynard (mathematician)">James Maynard</a>, have won <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medals</a>, often called the "Nobel Prize for mathematics". <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a>, who proved <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s_Last_Theorem" title="Fermat's Last Theorem">Fermat's Last Theorem</a>, was educated at Oxford and is currently the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regius_Professor" title="Regius Professor">Regius Professor</a> and Royal Society Research Professor in Mathematics at Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiles_Regius_221-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Wiles_Regius-221">[221]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_du_Sautoy" title="Marcus du Sautoy">Marcus du Sautoy</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a> are both currently mathematics professors, and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Stedall" title="Jackie Stedall">Jackie Stedall</a> was a professor of the university. <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wolfram" title="Stephen Wolfram">Stephen Wolfram</a>, chief designer of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematica">Mathematica</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Alpha">Wolfram Alpha</a> studied at the university, along with <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Famous_16-10" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Famous-16">[16]</a></sup> inventor of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-222">[222]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Edgar F. Codd</a>, inventor of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_model" title="Relational model">the relational model of data</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ACM_Turing_223-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-ACM_Turing-223">[223]</a></sup> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hoare" title="Tony Hoare">Tony Hoare</a>, programming languages pioneer and inventor of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicksort" title="Quicksort">Quicksort</a>. </p><p>The university is associated with eleven winners of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>, six in <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">physics</a> and sixteen in <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-224">[224]</a></sup> </p><p>Scientists who performed research in Oxford include chemist <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> who received her Nobel Prize for "determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances",<sup id="cite_ref-nobelDH_225-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-nobelDH-225">[225]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> who shared the 1945 Nobel prize "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases", and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a>, who shared the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 2019 "for the development of lithium-ion batteries".<sup id="cite_ref-nobelHF_226-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-nobelHF-226">[226]</a></sup> Both <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a><sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-227">[227]</a></sup> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a><sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-228">[228]</a></sup> studied at the university and returned for research purposes. <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Famous_16-11" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Famous-16">[16]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Famous_16-12" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Famous-16">[16]</a></sup> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a><sup id="cite_ref-Famous_16-13" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Famous-16">[16]</a></sup> all studied in Oxford. </p><p><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>, a founder of modern chemistry, never formally studied or held a post within the university, but resided within the city to be part of the scientific community and was awarded an honorary degree.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-229">[229]</a></sup> Notable scientists who spent brief periods at Oxford include <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a><sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-230">[230]</a></sup> developer of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general theory of relativity</a> and the concept of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a>; and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> who formulated the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a> and the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat" title="Schrödinger's cat">Schrödinger's cat</a> thought experiment. Structural engineer <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Agrawal" title="Roma Agrawal">Roma Agrawal</a>, responsible for London's <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shard" title="The Shard">Shard</a>, attributes her love of engineering to a summer placement during her undergraduate physics degree at Oxford. </p><p>Economists <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Alfred Marshall</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> all spent time at Oxford. </p> <h3><span id="Literature.2C_music.2C_and_drama"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Literature,_music,_and_drama">Literature, music, and drama</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Literary figures who attended Oxford University</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oscar_Wilde_portrait_by_Napoleon_Sarony_-_albumen.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Oscar_Wilde_portrait_by_Napoleon_Sarony_-_albumen.jpg/100px-Oscar_Wilde_portrait_by_Napoleon_Sarony_-_albumen.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="166" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Oscar_Wilde_portrait_by_Napoleon_Sarony_-_albumen.jpg/150px-Oscar_Wilde_portrait_by_Napoleon_Sarony_-_albumen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Oscar_Wilde_portrait_by_Napoleon_Sarony_-_albumen.jpg/200px-Oscar_Wilde_portrait_by_Napoleon_Sarony_-_albumen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="3640"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vera_Brittain.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vera_Brittain.jpg/166px-Vera_Brittain.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="166" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vera_Brittain.jpg/249px-Vera_Brittain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vera_Brittain.jpg/332px-Vera_Brittain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="535"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Brittain" title="Vera Brittain">Vera Brittain</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford" title="Somerville College, Oxford">Somerville College</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J._R._R._Tolkien,_ca._1925.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/J._R._R._Tolkien%2C_ca._1925.jpg/114px-J._R._R._Tolkien%2C_ca._1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="165" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/J._R._R._Tolkien%2C_ca._1925.jpg/171px-J._R._R._Tolkien%2C_ca._1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/J._R._R._Tolkien%2C_ca._1925.jpg/228px-J._R._R._Tolkien%2C_ca._1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="2399"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford" title="Exeter College, Oxford">Exeter College</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Writers associated with Oxford include <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Brittain" title="Vera Brittain">Vera Brittain</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Byatt" class="mw-redirect" title="A.S. Byatt">A.S. Byatt</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-231">[231]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope_Fitzgerald" title="Penelope Fitzgerald">Penelope Fitzgerald</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fowles" title="John Fowles">John Fowles</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss">Theodor Geisel</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-232">[232]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Heller" title="Joseph Heller">Joseph Heller</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-233">[233]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-234">[234]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_Samuel_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Krauss" title="Nicole Krauss">Nicole Krauss</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-235">[235]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Middleton" title="Thomas Middleton">Thomas Middleton</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Murdoch" title="Iris Murdoch">Iris Murdoch</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.S._Naipaul" class="mw-redirect" title="V.S. Naipaul">V.S. Naipaul</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Pullman" title="Philip Pullman">Philip Pullman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Famous_16-14" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Famous-16">[16]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers" title="Dorothy L. Sayers">Dorothy L. Sayers</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Seth" title="Vikram Seth">Vikram Seth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Famous_16-15" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Famous-16">[16]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-236">[236]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-237">[237]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-238">[238]</a></sup> the poets <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-239">[239]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-240">[240]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Housman" title="A. E. Housman">A. E. Housman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-241">[241]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Manley_Hopkins" title="Gerard Manley Hopkins">Gerard Manley Hopkins</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-242">[242]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Larkin" title="Philip Larkin">Philip Larkin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-243">[243]</a></sup> and seven <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Poet Laureate">poets laureate</a>: <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Warton" title="Thomas Warton">Thomas Warton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-244">[244]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James_Pye" title="Henry James Pye">Henry James Pye</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-245">[245]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-246">[246]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bridges" title="Robert Bridges">Robert Bridges</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-247">[247]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Day-Lewis" title="Cecil Day-Lewis">Cecil Day-Lewis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-248">[248]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">Sir John Betjeman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-249">[249]</a></sup> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Motion" title="Andrew Motion">Andrew Motion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-250">[250]</a></sup> </p><p>Composers <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Parry" title="Hubert Parry">Hubert Parry</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Butterworth" title="George Butterworth">George Butterworth</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taverner" title="John Taverner">John Taverner</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Walton" title="William Walton">William Walton</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Whitbourn" title="James Whitbourn">James Whitbourn</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a> have all been involved with the university. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Actors who attended Oxford University</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RowanAtkinsonMar07.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/RowanAtkinsonMar07.jpg/118px-RowanAtkinsonMar07.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="162" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/RowanAtkinsonMar07.jpg/177px-RowanAtkinsonMar07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/RowanAtkinsonMar07.jpg/236px-RowanAtkinsonMar07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="1566"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson" title="Rowan Atkinson">Rowan Atkinson</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_College,_Oxford" title="The Queen's College, Oxford">Queen's College</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosamund_Pike_2011.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rosamund_Pike_2011.jpg/151px-Rosamund_Pike_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="162" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rosamund_Pike_2011.jpg/227px-Rosamund_Pike_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rosamund_Pike_2011.jpg/302px-Rosamund_Pike_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="776"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamund_Pike" title="Rosamund Pike">Rosamund Pike</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford" title="Wadham College, Oxford">Wadham College</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:113px;max-width:113px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hugh_Grant_Cannes.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hugh_Grant_Cannes.jpg/111px-Hugh_Grant_Cannes.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="162" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hugh_Grant_Cannes.jpg/167px-Hugh_Grant_Cannes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hugh_Grant_Cannes.jpg/222px-Hugh_Grant_Cannes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="601"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Grant" title="Hugh Grant">Hugh Grant</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Actors <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Grant" title="Hugh Grant">Hugh Grant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-New_College_alumni_251-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-New_College_alumni-251">[251]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Beckinsale" title="Kate Beckinsale">Kate Beckinsale</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-New_College_alumni_251-1" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-New_College_alumni-251">[251]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamund_Pike" title="Rosamund Pike">Rosamund Pike</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_Jones" title="Felicity Jones">Felicity Jones</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Chan" title="Gemma Chan">Gemma Chan</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-252">[252]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Michael Palin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Famous_16-16" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Famous-16">[16]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Jones" title="Terry Jones">Terry Jones</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-253">[253]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Popplewell" title="Anna Popplewell">Anna Popplewell</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson" title="Rowan Atkinson">Rowan Atkinson</a> were students at the university, as were filmmakers <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach">Ken Loach</a><sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-254">[254]</a></sup> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Curtis" title="Richard Curtis">Richard Curtis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Famous_16-17" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Famous-16">[16]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span></h3> <p>Oxford has also produced at least 12 <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>, 19 <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_cardinals" title="List of English cardinals">English cardinals</a>, and 20 <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishops of Canterbury</a>, the most recent Archbishop being <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a>, who studied at <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadham College">Wadham College</a> and was later a Canon Professor at <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Famous_16-18" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Famous-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-255">[255]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a>' teaching is commemorated with a monument in the University Church of St. Mary. Religious reformer <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> was an Oxford scholar, for a time Master of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College</a>. <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Colet" title="John Colet">John Colet</a>, Christian humanist, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_St_Paul%27s" title="Dean of St Paul's">Dean of St Paul's</a>, and friend of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>, studied at <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College</a>. Several of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Divines" title="Caroline Divines">Caroline Divines</a> e.g. in particular <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a> as President of St. John's and Chancellor of the university, and the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Jurors" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Jurors">Non-Jurors</a>, e.g. <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ken" title="Thomas Ken">Thomas Ken</a> had close Oxford connections. The founder of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, studied at Christ Church and was elected a fellow of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_College,_Oxford" title="Lincoln College, Oxford">Lincoln College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-256">[256]</a></sup> Britain's first woman to be an ordained minister, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Coltman" title="Constance Coltman">Constance Coltman</a>, studied at <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford" title="Somerville College, Oxford">Somerville College</a>. The <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a> (1833–1846) was closely associated with the Oriel fellows <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bouverie_Pusey" title="Edward Bouverie Pusey">Edward Bouverie Pusey</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keble" title="John Keble">John Keble</a>. Other religious figures were <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Nasir_Ahmad" title="Mirza Nasir Ahmad">Mirza Nasir Ahmad</a>, the third <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifatul_Masih" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalifatul Masih">Caliph</a> of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya Muslim Community">Ahmadiyya Muslim Community</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi" title="Shoghi Effendi">Shoghi Effendi</a>, one of the appointed leaders of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cordeiro" title="Joseph Cordeiro">Joseph Cordeiro</a>, the first Pakistani Catholic cardinal.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-257">[257]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophy">Philosophy</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Philosophers who attended Oxford University</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:113px;max-width:113px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Locke%27s_Kit-cat_portrait_by_Godfrey_Kneller,_National_Portrait_Gallery,_London.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/John_Locke%27s_Kit-cat_portrait_by_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG/111px-John_Locke%27s_Kit-cat_portrait_by_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="111" height="167" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/John_Locke%27s_Kit-cat_portrait_by_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG/167px-John_Locke%27s_Kit-cat_portrait_by_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/John_Locke%27s_Kit-cat_portrait_by_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG/222px-John_Locke%27s_Kit-cat_portrait_by_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Midgley.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mary_Midgley.JPG/129px-Mary_Midgley.JPG" decoding="async" width="129" height="167" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mary_Midgley.JPG/194px-Mary_Midgley.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mary_Midgley.JPG/258px-Mary_Midgley.JPG 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="516"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Mary Midgley</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford" title="Somerville College, Oxford">Somerville College</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Hobbes.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Thomas_Hobbes.jpeg/140px-Thomas_Hobbes.jpeg" decoding="async" width="140" height="166" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Thomas_Hobbes.jpeg/210px-Thomas_Hobbes.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Thomas_Hobbes.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="326"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertford_College,_Oxford" title="Hertford College, Oxford">Hertford College</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Oxford's philosophical tradition started in the medieval era, with <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a><sup id="cite_ref-phil-history_258-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-phil-history-258">[258]</a></sup> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-phil-history_258-1" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-phil-history-258">[258]</a></sup> commonly known for <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a>, among those teaching at the university. <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-259">[259]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-260">[260]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> and the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricist</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> received degrees from Oxford. Though the latter's main works were written after leaving Oxford, Locke was heavily influenced by his twelve years at the university.<sup id="cite_ref-phil-history_258-2" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-phil-history-258">[258]</a></sup> </p><p>Oxford philosophers of the 20th century include <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a>, a leading philosopher in the tradition of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Substance dualism">substance dualism</a>; <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hacker" title="Peter Hacker">Peter Hacker</a>, philosopher of mind, language, anthropology, and he is also known for his critique of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">cognitive neuroscience</a>; <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.L._Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="J.L. Austin">J.L. Austin</a>, a leading proponent of ordinary-language philosophy; <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-phil-history_258-3" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-phil-history-258">[258]</a></sup> author of <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Concept_of_Mind" title="The Concept of Mind">The Concept of Mind</a></i>; and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a>, who specialised in personal identity. Other commonly read modern philosophers to have studied at the university include <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-phil-history_258-4" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-phil-history-258">[258]</a></sup> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Anscombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Anscombe">Elizabeth Anscombe</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Mary Midgley</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Murdoch" title="Iris Murdoch">Iris Murdoch</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onora_O%27Neill" title="Onora O'Neill">Onora O'Neill</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Michael Sandel</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a>. <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a>, presenter of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a> thought experiment, studied and began his academic career at the university.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-261">[261]</a></sup> Likewise, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Philippa Foot</a>, who mentioned the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolley_problem" title="Trolley problem">trolley problem</a>, studied and taught at <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford" title="Somerville College, Oxford">Somerville College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Philippa_Foot_1978_262-0" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Philippa_Foot_1978-262">[262]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sport">Sport</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">People in sports who attended Oxford University</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:163px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konferenz_Pakistan_und_der_Westen_Imran_Khan_edited.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Konferenz_Pakistan_und_der_Westen_Imran_Khan_edited.jpg/132px-Konferenz_Pakistan_und_der_Westen_Imran_Khan_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="164" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Konferenz_Pakistan_und_der_Westen_Imran_Khan_edited.jpg/198px-Konferenz_Pakistan_und_der_Westen_Imran_Khan_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Konferenz_Pakistan_und_der_Westen_Imran_Khan_edited.jpg/264px-Konferenz_Pakistan_und_der_Westen_Imran_Khan_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1808"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keble_College,_Oxford" title="Keble College, Oxford">Keble College</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:163px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senator_Bill_Bradley_(D-NJ).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Senator_Bill_Bradley_%28D-NJ%29.jpg/139px-Senator_Bill_Bradley_%28D-NJ%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="164" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Senator_Bill_Bradley_%28D-NJ%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="191" data-file-height="225"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bradley" title="Bill Bradley">Bill Bradley</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_College,_Oxford" title="Worcester College, Oxford">Worcester College</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:163px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matthewpinsent.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Matthewpinsent.jpg/109px-Matthewpinsent.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="164" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Matthewpinsent.jpg/164px-Matthewpinsent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Matthewpinsent.jpg/218px-Matthewpinsent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1376"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Pinsent" title="Matthew Pinsent">Matthew Pinsent</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Catherine%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Catherine's College, Oxford">St Catherine's College</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bannister" title="Roger Bannister">Sir Roger Gilbert Bannister</a>, who had been at Exeter College and Merton College, ran the first sub-four-minute mile in Oxford. </p><p>Some 150 Olympic medal-winners have academic connections with the university, including <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Pinsent" title="Matthew Pinsent">Sir Matthew Pinsent</a>, quadruple gold-medallist rower.<sup id="cite_ref-Famous_16-19" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-Famous-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-263">[263]</a></sup> </p><p>Rowers from Oxford who have won gold at the Olympics or World Championships include <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Blomquist" title="Michael Blomquist">Michael Blomquist</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Coode" title="Ed Coode">Ed Coode</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Davidge" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Davidge">Chris Davidge</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Edwards_(rower)" title="Hugh Edwards (rower)">Hugh Edwards</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Flickinger" title="Jason Flickinger">Jason Flickinger</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Foster" title="Tim Foster">Tim Foster</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_Grubor" title="Luka Grubor">Luka Grubor</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Liwski" title="Christopher Liwski">Christopher Liwski</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Pinsent" title="Matthew Pinsent">Matthew Pinsent</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Reed" title="Pete Reed">Pete Reed</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Searle" title="Jonny Searle">Jonny Searle</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Triggs_Hodge" title="Andrew Triggs Hodge">Andrew Triggs Hodge</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Wetzel" title="Jake Wetzel">Jake Wetzel</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wherley" title="Michael Wherley">Michael Wherley</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Williams_(rower)" title="Barney Williams (rower)">Barney Williams</a>. Many Oxford graduates have also risen to the highest echelon in cricket: <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Altham" title="Harry Altham">Harry Altham</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Bosanquet_(cricketer)" title="Bernard Bosanquet (cricketer)">Bernard Bosanquet</a> (inventor of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googly" title="Googly">googly</a>), <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Cowdrey" title="Colin Cowdrey">Colin Cowdrey</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Crutchley" title="Gerry Crutchley">Gerry Crutchley</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Dalrymple" title="Jamie Dalrymple">Jamie Dalrymple</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Donnelly_(cricketer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Donnelly (cricketer)">Martin Donnelly</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._E._Foster" title="R. E. Foster">R. E. Foster</a> (the only man to captain England at both cricket and football), <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._B._Fry" title="C. B. Fry">C. B. Fry</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harris,_4th_Baron_Harris" title="George Harris, 4th Baron Harris">George Harris</a> (also served in the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>), <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Jardine" title="Douglas Jardine">Douglas Jardine</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Jardine" title="Malcolm Jardine">Malcolm Jardine</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a> (later served as the Prime Minister of Pakistan), <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Le_Marchand" title="Sophie Le Marchand">Sophie Le Marchand</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Melville" title="Alan Melville">Alan Melville</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iftikhar_Ali_Khan_Pataudi" title="Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi">Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansoor_Ali_Khan_Pataudi" title="Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi">Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._J._K._Smith" title="M. J. K. Smith">M. J. K. Smith</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelham_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelham Warner">Pelham Warner</a>. </p><p>Oxford students have also excelled in other sports. Such alumni include <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> player <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myron_Rolle" title="Myron Rolle">Myron Rolle</a> (<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL">NFL</a> player); Olympic gold medalists in athletics <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hemery" title="David Hemery">David Hemery</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lovelock" title="Jack Lovelock">Jack Lovelock</a>; basketball players <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bradley" title="Bill Bradley">Bill Bradley</a> (<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senator">US Senator</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA">NBA</a> player, and Olympic gold medalist) and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomas_McMillen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thomas McMillen">Charles Thomas McMillen</a> (<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Congressman" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congressman">US Congressman</a>, NBA player, and Olympic silver medalist); <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skater" class="mw-redirect" title="Figure skater">figure skater</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Misha_Petkevich" title="John Misha Petkevich">John Misha Petkevich</a> (national champion); footballers <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bain_(footballer,_born_1854)" title="John Bain (footballer, born 1854)">John Bain</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wreford-Brown" title="Charles Wreford-Brown">Charles Wreford-Brown</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthbert_Ottaway" title="Cuthbert Ottaway">Cuthbert Ottaway</a>; fencer <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Jay" title="Allan Jay">Allan Jay</a> (world champion and five-time Olympian); <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlete" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern pentathlete">modern pentathlete</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steph_Cook" title="Steph Cook">Steph Cook</a> (Olympic gold medalist); <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby footballers</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Barnes" title="Stuart Barnes">Stuart Barnes</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Danielli" title="Simon Danielli">Simon Danielli</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Humphreys_(rugby_union)" title="David Humphreys (rugby union)">David Humphreys</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kirk" title="David Kirk">David Edward Kirk</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Oliver" title="Anton Oliver">Anton Oliver</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Poulton-Palmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Poulton-Palmer">Ronald Poulton-Palmer</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Roff" title="Joe Roff">Joe Roff</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Webb_Ellis" title="William Webb Ellis">William Webb Ellis</a> (allegedly the inventor of rugby football); <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Freestyle_Skiing_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup">World Cup freestyle skier</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Max_Riley" title="Ryan Max Riley">Ryan Max Riley</a> (national champion); polo player <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Tomlinson" title="Claire Tomlinson">Claire Tomlinson</a> (highest ranked woman world-wide); and tennis player <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Bruce,_3rd_Baron_Aberdare" title="Clarence Bruce, 3rd Baron Aberdare">Clarence Bruce</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Adventure_and_exploration">Adventure and exploration</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:393px;max-width:393px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Explorers and adventurers who attended Oxford University</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BellK_218_Gertrude_Bell_in_Iraq_in_1909_age_41.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/BellK_218_Gertrude_Bell_in_Iraq_in_1909_age_41.jpg/127px-BellK_218_Gertrude_Bell_in_Iraq_in_1909_age_41.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="168" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/BellK_218_Gertrude_Bell_in_Iraq_in_1909_age_41.jpg/191px-BellK_218_Gertrude_Bell_in_Iraq_in_1909_age_41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/BellK_218_Gertrude_Bell_in_Iraq_in_1909_age_41.jpg/254px-BellK_218_Gertrude_Bell_in_Iraq_in_1909_age_41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2647"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Bell" title="Gertrude Bell">Gertrude Bell</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Hall,_Oxford" title="Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford">Lady Margaret Hall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:With_Lawrence_in_Arabia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/With_Lawrence_in_Arabia.jpg/126px-With_Lawrence_in_Arabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="168" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/With_Lawrence_in_Arabia.jpg/189px-With_Lawrence_in_Arabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/With_Lawrence_in_Arabia.jpg/252px-With_Lawrence_in_Arabia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="488"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford" title="Jesus College, Oxford">Jesus College</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh_1598.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh_1598.jpg/128px-William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh_1598.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="168" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh_1598.jpg/192px-William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh_1598.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh_1598.jpg/256px-William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh_1598.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="3000"></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Three of the most well-known adventurers and explorers who attended Oxford are <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a>, one of the most notable figures of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a>; <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a>, whose life was the basis of the 1962 film <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)" title="Lawrence of Arabia (film)">Lawrence of Arabia</a></i>; and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Coryat" title="Thomas Coryat">Thomas Coryat</a>. The latter, the author of "<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coryat%27s_Crudities" title="Coryat's Crudities">Coryat's Crudities hastily gobbled up in Five Months Travels in France, Italy, &c'</a>" (1611) and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_jester" class="mw-redirect" title="Court jester">court jester</a> of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales</a>, is credited with introducing the table fork and umbrella to England and being the first Briton to do a <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-264">[264]</a></sup> </p><p>Other notable figures include <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Bell" title="Gertrude Bell">Gertrude Bell</a>, an explorer, archaeologist, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">mapper</a> and spy who, along with <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a>, helped establish the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite">Hashemite</a> dynasties in what is today Jordan and Iraq and played a major role in establishing and administering the modern state of Iraq; <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a>, who travelled in disguise to <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and journeyed with <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hanning_Speke" title="John Hanning Speke">John Hanning Speke</a> as the first European explorers to visit the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes of Africa">Great Lakes of Africa</a> in search of the source of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>; anthropologist <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Routledge" title="Katherine Routledge">Katherine Routledge</a>, who carried out the first survey of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>; mountaineer <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bourdillon" title="Tom Bourdillon">Tom Bourdillon</a>, member of the expedition to make the first ascent of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>; and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fleming_(writer)" title="Peter Fleming (writer)">Peter Fleming</a>, adventurer and travel writer and elder brother of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Fleming" title="Ian Fleming">Ian Fleming</a>, creator of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Oxford_in_literature_and_other_media">Oxford in literature and other media</span></h2> <p>The University of Oxford is the setting for numerous works of fiction. </p><p>Oxford was mentioned in fiction as early as 1400 when <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaucer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaucer">Chaucer</a>, in <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury Tales">Canterbury Tales</a></i>, referred to a "Clerk [student] of Oxenford". </p><p>By 1989, 533 novels based in Oxford had been identified and the number continues to rise.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-265">[265]</a></sup> </p><p>Famous literary works range from <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brideshead_Revisited" title="Brideshead Revisited">Brideshead Revisited</a></i> by <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a>, which in 1981 was adapted as a <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brideshead_Revisited_(TV_serial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brideshead Revisited (TV serial)">television serial</a>, to the trilogy <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Dark_Materials" title="His Dark Materials">His Dark Materials</a></i> by <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Pullman" title="Philip Pullman">Philip Pullman</a>, which features an alternate-reality version of the university and was adapted for <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Compass_(film)" title="The Golden Compass (film)">film in 2007</a> and as a <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Dark_Materials_(TV_series)" title="His Dark Materials (TV series)">BBC television series in 2019</a>. </p><p>Other notable examples include: </p> <ul><li><i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuleika_Dobson" title="Zuleika Dobson">Zuleika Dobson</a></i> (1911) by <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Beerbohm" title="Max Beerbohm">Max Beerbohm</a>, a satire about undergraduate life.</li> <li><i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinister_Street" title="Sinister Street">Sinister Street</a></i> (1913–1914) by <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_MacKenzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Compton MacKenzie">Compton MacKenzie</a>, himself a graduate of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College</a>, a <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildungsroman" title="Bildungsroman">Bildungsroman</a></i> about two children born out of wedlock.</li> <li><i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudy_Night" title="Gaudy Night">Gaudy Night</a></i> (1935) by <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers" title="Dorothy L. Sayers">Dorothy L. Sayers</a>, herself a graduate of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford" title="Somerville College, Oxford">Somerville College</a>, a <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Peter_Wimsey" title="Lord Peter Wimsey">Lord Peter Wimsey</a> mystery novel.</li> <li>The <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Morse" title="Inspector Morse">Inspector Morse</a></i> detective novels (1975–1999) by <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Dexter" title="Colin Dexter">Colin Dexter</a>, adapted for television as <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Morse_(TV_series)" title="Inspector Morse (TV series)"><i>Inspector Morse</i></a> (1987–2000), the spin-off <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_(TV_series)" title="Lewis (TV series)">Lewis</a></i> (2006–2015), and the prequel <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endeavour_(TV_series)" title="Endeavour (TV series)">Endeavour</a></i> (2012–).</li> <li><i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Blue_(1996_film)" title="True Blue (1996 film)">True Blue</a></i> (1996), a film about the mutiny at the time of the Oxford-Cambridge <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat Race">Boat Race</a> of 1987</li> <li><i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_Boys" title="The History Boys">The History Boys</a></i> (2004) by <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a>, alumnus of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford" title="Exeter College, Oxford">Exeter College</a>, a play about a group of grammar school boys in <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> in 1983 applying to read history at Oxford and Cambridge. It premiered at the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">National Theatre</a> and was <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_Boys_(film)" title="The History Boys (film)">adapted for film in 2006</a>.</li> <li><i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posh_(play)" title="Posh (play)">Posh</a></i> (2010), a play by <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Wade" title="Laura Wade">Laura Wade</a>, and its film adaptation <i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Riot_Club" title="The Riot Club">The Riot Club</a></i> (2014), about a fictionalised equivalent of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullingdon_Club" title="Bullingdon Club">Bullingdon Club</a>.</li> <li><i><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_of_Youth_(film)" title="Testament of Youth (film)">Testament of Youth</a></i> (2014), a drama film based on the memoir of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_of_Youth" title="Testament of Youth">same name</a> written by <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford" title="Somerville College, Oxford">Somerville</a> alumna <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Brittain" title="Vera Brittain">Vera Brittain</a>.</li></ul> <p>Notable non-fiction works on Oxford include <i>Oxford</i> by <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Morris" title="Jan Morris">Jan Morris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#cite_note-266">[266]</a></sup> </p><p>The university is parodied in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series with "Unseen University" and "Brazeneck College" (in reference to Brasenose College). </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1128808480">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle} @media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}
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Why did the rate of college attendance quadruple between the 1880s and the 1920s quizlet?Why did the rate of college attendance quadruple between the 1880s and the 1920s? The public university system expanded.
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How did baseball become America's most popular game quizlet?How did baseball become America's most popular game? Professional teams were started in dozens of cities as part of the National League. Which of the following was a reason American businesses embraced baseball in the late nineteenth century? The game was a wholesome way to promote discipline and teamwork.
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Why did the rate of college attendance quadruple between the 1880s and the 1920s?
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