This is a preview. Log in to get access Show Abstract This essay examines three recent historical approaches to the political economy of Latin America's relative economic backwardness. All three locate the origins of contemporary underdevelopment in defective colonial institutions linked to inequality. The contrasting view offered here affirms the significance of institutional constraints, but argues that they did not arise from colonial inequalities, but from the adaptation of Iberian practices to the American colonies under conditions of imperial weakness. Colonial inequality varied across the Americas; while it was not correlated with colonial economic performance, it mattered because it determined the extent of elite resistance to institutional modernisation after independence. The onset of economic growth in the mid to late nineteenth century brought economic elites to political power, but excluding majorities as inequality increased restrained the region's twentieth-century growth rates and prevented convergence. Journal Information Journal of Latin American Studies presents recent research in the field of Latin American studies in economics, geography, politics, international relations, sociology, social anthropology, economic history and cultural history. Regular features include articles on contemporary themes, specially commissioned commentaries and an extensive section of book reviews. Instructions for Contributors at Cambridge Journals Online Publisher Information Cambridge University Press (www.cambridge.org) is the publishing division of the University of Cambridge, one of the world’s leading research institutions and winner of 81 Nobel Prizes. Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. It publishes over 2,500 books a year for distribution in more than 200 countries. Cambridge Journals publishes over 250 peer-reviewed academic journals across a wide range of subject areas, in print and online. Many of these journals are the leading academic publications in their fields and together they form one of the most valuable and comprehensive bodies of research available today. For more information, visit http://journals.cambridge.org. Rights & Usage This item is part of a
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Terms in this set (18)Political Instability in Latin America After Independence Democracy fails to take root in the newly independent Latin American nations in the 1800s. Wealth and power remain in the hands of the few. Latin American economies become increasingly dependent upon more developed countries The Colonial Legacy Social and political structure remain the same. Creoles replace Peninsulares as the ruling class. Life remains the same for the lower classes; limited voting rights, racial prejudice, small groups of people hold most of the land and power Regionalism Loyalty to a local area Caudillos Strong local leaders The Search for Stability No tradition of unity. Caudillos assembled private armies to resist the government; sometimes gained power and ruled as military dictators. Frequent revolts lead to little change, power remains in the hands of a privileged few. Split between conservatives and liberals. Liberals support progress, but show little concern for the needs of the majority of the people The Cycle of Economic Dependence Under colonial rule, mercantilist policies made Latin America economically dependent on Spain and Portugal (couldn't develop their own economies). With independence, the Latin American countries introduce free trade, Britain and the U.S. enter their markets, but just replace Spain Foreign Influence Mounts Foreign goods flood Latin American markets in the 1800s, creating large profits for foreigners and only a few local business people. The foreign investment came with local interference. Foreign countries (Britain and the U.S.) would take action if events in Latin America would threaten their interests there Some Economic Growth Foreign capital enables mining and agriculture to develop. Foreigners invest in modern ports and railroads to carry goods from the interior to coastal cities, but development primarily benefits foreign investors. Latin American countries enter the world economy, but internal development is limited. The poor are too poor to buy consumer goods The Monroe Doctrine 1823 The U.S. Expands into Latin America Victory in the war with Mexico (1848) fed dreams of expansion for the U.S. By 1900, the U.S. controls much of North America and is becoming involved in overseas conflicts. Cuba gains independence in the Spanish-American War (1898). 1901, the U.S. forces Cuba to add the Platt Amendment to its constitution, allowing the U.S. to set up naval bases in Cuba and giving the U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs Panama Canal Panama belonged to Colombia, who refused to sell the land for a canal to the U.S. 1903 - the U.S. backs a Panamanian revolt against Colombia, Panama gains independence and makes a deal with the U.S. for the land. Construction lasts 10 years, and cuts the distance of a sea journey from New York to San Francisco by thousands of miles. Latin Americans view the canal as "Yankee imperialism" - resenting U.S. influence. Panama gains complete control of the canal in 2000 Roosevelt Corollary To the Monroe Doctrine is issued in 1904, declaring the U.S. an international police power in the Western Hemisphere. A result of growing American investments in Latin America. The U.S. sends troops to various Latin American countries to protect investments Why did the gap between rich and poor in Latin America grow after Independence? Both before and after Independence, most Latin Americans worked for large landowners. The employers pay their workers with vouchers that can be used only at their own supply stores. Since we just were low and prices were high, workers went into debt. They're debt accumulated and passed from one generation to the next. Landowners however, only got wealthier after Independence. Many new Latin American governments took over the land owned by native people and by the Catholic church. Then they put those lands up for sale. Wealthy landowners were the only people who could afford to buy them, and they snapped them up. What economic gains and setbacks did Latin American countries experienced after Independence? They gained people to trade with, however, because they relied so heavily on other people to trade with they didn't feel the need to industrialize so they went into debt because they had to borrow money from other countries in order to build. Why was the United States so interested in the security of Latin America? We invested money in them Why do you think upper-class Latin Americans favored governments run by caudillos? Because they opposed giving power to the lower classes. In addition, Latin Americans had gained little experience with democracy under European colonial rule. So, the dictatorship of a caudillo did not seem unusual to them. But even then when caudillos were not in power, most Latin Americans still lacked a voice in the government. Voting rights; and with them, political power; restricted to the relatively few members of the upper and middle classes who owned property or could read. Do you think that U.S. imperialism was more beneficial or harmful to Latin American people? Explain. 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spanish Complete this letter to the editor with items from the word bank. árboles / conservar / contaminación / deforestación / dejar de / envase / evitar / ley / mejorar / población / reciclar / recurso natural / reducir / resolver / respiramos Creo que la (1) BLANK del aire es un problema que se tiene que (2) BLANK muy pronto. Cada día hay mas carros que contaminan el aire que nosotros (3) BLANK. Además, la (4) BLANK en las regiones cerca de la ciudad elimina una gran parte del oxígeno que los (5) BLANK le proveían (provided) a la (6) BLANK de la ciudad. Es importante (7) BLANK las condiciones de las calles para que las personas puedan montar en bicicleta para ir al trabajo. Así, todos pueden (8) BLANK el petróleo, que es un (9) BLANK que no va a durar (last). El uso de bicicletas en la ciudad es una de las mejores ideas para (10) BLANK el uso de los carros. Debemos (11) BLANK pensar que el carro es un objeto necesario y buscar otras maneras de transportarnos. Quizás algún día podamos (12) BLANK los problemas que nos causa la contaminación. Verified answer
vocabulary Insert commas as needed in the following sentences. No one claimed the lost dog that I found so I decided to keep her. Verified answer
spanish Completa este cuestionario con preguntas para saber si tus amigos(as) siguen una dieta equilibrada y si tienen unos hábitos saludables. Verified answer Recommended textbook solutions Latin for the New Millennium: Student Text Level 11st EditionMilena Minkova 1,243 solutions
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What happened to Latin America's economy after independence?In the nineteenth century following independence, many economies of Latin America declined. In the late nineteenth century, much of Latin America was integrated into the world economy as an exporter of commodities.
What economic gains and setbacks did Latin American countries experience after independence?What economic gains and setbacks did Latin american countries experience after independence? setbacks: more political insecurity and instability, rich got richer, did not fund programs that would help them become self sufficient, borrowed money to increase their export businesses that they weren't able to pay back.
What problems did Latin America faced after independence?In each case independence was followed by political instability, violent conflict and economic stagnation lasting for about a half-century (lost decades).
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Why did the gap between rich and poor in Latin America grow after independence?
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