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Get faster at matching terms Terms in this set (96)Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory the approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture Canalized skill Babbling is canalized because everyone does it and then it is refined into speech (TQ) Private Speech (Vygotsky) Children's self-talk, which guides their behavior; eventually internalized as silent inner speech. (TQ) zone of proximal development In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they recieve proper guidance and instruction (TQ) Scaffolding Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance ~TEST QUESTION~ Best ZPD developer are other kids assisted discovery set things up so a child can discover something on their own Vygotsky and language emphasized language as front and center of everything learned - sociocultural theory, language, ZPD, cognitive development
Piaget Assimilation and accommodation, schema, active in development, active in environment Information processing encoding, storage, retrieval Attention planning, selecting, inhibiting (adapting) DEVELOPING ATTENTION IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT SKILLS Memory attention does not necessarily put in memories 1. Rehearsal - repeating information to oneself (TQ) Child amnesia before the age of 4, children can not remember anything autobiographical memory Long-lasting representations of one-time events inhibition ability to control distracting stimuli (TQ) Processing speed Faster children can process information the less resources they
need cognitive self-regulation being attentive to what you're doing Short term memory Working memory, working on information- short term for temporary use Infant memory Imitation - imitate something you have seen Memory development Capacity - process, attention, storage Metamemory knowledge
about memory Metacognition knowledge of cognitive ability Knowledge base Knowledge of a content area to be learned (TQ)Perception vs. Sensation We can give robots sensors to gather information of environment and have sensation. (eyes, ears, skin) (babies hearing best, sight worst) Teaching them how to respond and comprehend that information is perception. preferential technique Method for studying visual attention (focus) in infants Visual acuity & contrast sensitivity sharpness of visual discrimination & difference in light/dark areas visual scanning babies start to look at what gives them the most information, eyes, nose, mouth perceptual constancy perceiving objects as unchanging even when it appears bigger or smaller (close/far away) object segregation identification of separate objects in a visual array (hair on a dog) Depth perception tested with visual cliff perceptual narrowing developmental changes in which experience fine-tunes the perceptual system in attention it fine tunes sensory info you perceive baby's taste develop prenatally Infant Environment learning learn through touch, oral exploration is dominant way of learning motor movement reflex is the first motor movement Sensorimotor coordination of sensory and motor functions together (TQ) Development in Children - All children develop at vastly different paces (TQ) First Language crying is the first language maternal sensitivity knowing your child's needs from their crying behaviorists learn to speak through environment interactionists inner capacity and environment work together to make speech Social interaction Helps language Types of extensions Under-extension - doggy = your dog only (TQ) Schema "Something that sticks to your brain and you cant forget about it" - Noah Allaire socioeconomic status (SES) Affects child development, low stimulation, less verbal stimulation, non-challenging environment referential child beings to refer to objects "cup" expressive child uses more pronouns to describe object "my cup" Supporting Language Development Joint Attention (TQ) Proposed benefits of teaching sign language - reduce frustration & stress (TQ) Why would learning 2 languages help control thinking? ability to switch between language increases cognitive function (TQ) intelligence is what a trait that helps us adap psychometric approach measure intelligence through psychological testing (IQ) (TQ) Binet created the first intelligence test Intelligence Quotient Based on test norms of people's ages Fluid Mechanics Information processing, Brain function crystalized Intelligence knowledge, facts, procedures, learned information (TQ) Distinct trajectory Fluid mechanics are good until age of 25, then they start to decline (TQ) Intelligence is Multidimensional construct, some things improve some get worse Howard Gardner Theory of multiple intelligences (TQ) Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence Analytic, Practical, Creative (TQ) Newborn test Bayley Test - observational test to see ability to function in environment Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) most widely used test for 6 year olds (TQ) IQ is used for Predicting school performance and job placement Self-Discipline inhibit actions, follow rules, avoid impulsive reactions practical intelligence accurately reading other people's emotions and intensions and motivating others to work effectively as a team Garner's Multiple Intelligences Visual-spacial, linguistic-verbal, interpersonal, intrapersonal, logical mathematical, musical, bodily kinesthetic, naturalistic (TQ) If anything, IQ would be related to School performance (TQ) practical intelligence most important (TQ) what issue in psych produces most controversy in psychology genetic influence (TQ) Ways heredity impacts intelligence Passive effects - genetic influence overlaps with being raised by biological parents (environment) Evocative effects - child's genetic male-up influences other's behavior Active effects - child's genetic make-up influences choice of environment Variation within family large variation between family members has greater impacts on child intelligence
development. (differences within a family) (TQ) kids going to school evidence that environment affects intelligence (TQ) Flynn effec Observed IQ over many years and found that the lowest IQ scores on average are increasing every year (TQ) study done with Allaire and Professor 65 year old African Americans in Baltimore were assessed for IQ segregated students did better because their environment was reinforced by their peers desegregated students scored lower because their lasting impact on cognitive function from their negative environment (TQ) Stereotype Threat stereotype influences someone's ability to perform (assume you will not do well) Theories of Social Development attempt to account for important aspects of development psychodynamics study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience three-stratum theory of intelligence three levels, general intelligence, intermediate abilities, specific abilities (TQ) Sigmond Freud actions motivated by unconscious (TQ) Erikson First LIFESPAN THEORIST Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust • 0-1; most
fundamental stage in life b/c an infant is utterly dependent, TRUST VS. MISTRUST; no one develops 100% Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Can child do something on their own (increase independence) or will they be discouraged and say they cant do it Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt Child can do things by themselves and will assert themselves more frequently or they will not believe in themselves (TQ) Erikson's stages stages based on nature but how it is navigated is dependent on caregiver Social Learning comes
from environment (TQ) Classical Conditioning stimulus -> response (TQ) Operant conditioning Reinforcer(reward)/punishment (TQ) Positive/negative Punishment/Rewards positive punishment - gives something (give chores) Positive Reward - Give something (candy) (TQ) Watson Founder of behaviorism - classical conditioning (TQ) Watson said (wrong) kids are not active and cannot contribute to stimulus response Intermittent reinforcement inconsistent response to the behavior of another person, for example, sometimes punishing an unacceptable behavior and sometimes ignoring it or giving it attention (TQ) Operant conditioning flaw Can make kids do wrong behavior because of inappropriate use of rewards (given something to stop a bad behavior) (TQ) extremely powerful when used appropraitely rewards and punishments (TQ) Albert Bandura Social learning through observation Vicarious Reinforcement Observe Behavior that receives a reward or punishment (TQ) 1st grade Farting becomes funny
(TQ) Bandura reinforcement works but observation of behavior is more importance Social Theories of Learning Classical Conditioning (stimulus/response Recommended textbook solutions
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PSYCHOLOGY a. What does TAT stand for? b. How were the clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory originally created? c. In terms of the MMPI-2, how is someone suffering from schizophrenia characterized? Verified answer QUESTION Allowing people to discover, in a social context, that others have problems similar to their own is a unique benefit of what kind of therapy? a. Psychodynamic. b. Psychopharmacological. c. Group. d. Cognitive. e. Humanistic. Verified answer Other Quizlet sets[UT] US History - pt.310 terms chillnobyl Neurobio35 terms cfile01 Org Comm Midterm25 terms Ziomara_Morales Lab Quiz (Scientific Method, Human Evolution34 terms sirmvrck Which theory emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions?Vygotsky's theory that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture. Key terms and concepts include the zone of proximal development and scaffolding.
What is the learning approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person called modeling?observational learning, method of learning that consists of observing and modeling another individual's behavior, attitudes, or emotional expressions.
Which approach emphasizes the processes that allow people to know understand and think about the world?Psychology - Lifespan. Who is considered the predominant theorist in cognitive development?Cards
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Which theory emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture quizlet?
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