Which one of the following is the most accurate statement about group differences among students quizlet?

Which one of the following statements is most accurate regarding psychological theories?

Answers:
a) Theories have been proven to be true.
b) Theories are continually modified as new data emerge.
c) Any single theory can be used to explain virtually every aspect of human behavior.
d) Theories will eventually be replaced by physiological (brain-based) explanations of behavior

b)

A biology teacher wants students to remember the various components of a cell
(nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane). Considering what research tells us about encoding and retrieval, the teacher would be well advised to help students encode information about the cell:

Answers:
a) primarily in a visual form, because visual images usually remain vivid in memory for a long period of time.
b) primarily in a verbal form, because language underlies much of human learning.
c) in both visual and verbal forms, because multiple forms of encoding increase the likelihood of retrieval.
d) in a relatively unencoded form for a few days, to allow for greater flexibility in encoding later on.

c)

Ms. Iwata has a long-term goal for her science students: to consider what they have learned about science as they deal with issues and problems in their daily lives. What teaching strategy will best help her students retrieve
relevant scientific principles when they need them the most?

Answers:
a) Make sure that students study those principles in a no-anxiety situation.
b) Associate those principles with as many real-life situations as possible.
c) Maximize the use of concrete materials, and minimize the use of abstract ideas.
d) Maximize the use of abstract ideas, and minimize the use of concrete materials.

b)

If we want to enhance students' metacognitive processes during problem solving, we would be most likely to:

Answers:
a) ask students to use algorithms rather than heuristics to solve problems.
b) ask students to use heuristics rather than algorithms to solve problems.
c) suggest questions that students might ask themselves as they work on problems.
d) encourage students to encode problems visually rather than verbally whenever possible

c)

As a teacher, you are concerned that many of your students are learning less than they think they are learning as they read the textbook. Your best strategy would be to:

Answers:
a) have them underline or highlight at least 50% of what they read.
b) instruct them to read the book two or three times instead of just once.
c) suggest questions that they can ask themselves as they read.
d) ask them to copy difficult-to-understand sentences in their notebooks.

c)

A model who initially struggles with a task but successfully overcomes obstacles typifies a(n):

Answers:
a) apprentice model.
b) training model.
c) coping model.
d) instructor model.

c)

Three of the following strategies are consistent with the textbook's recommendations for helping students learn to engage in self-evaluation. Which strategy, although possibly beneficial for other reasons, is least
likely to promote self-evaluation?

Answers:
a) Have students compile portfolios of their best work.
Correct
b) Give students detailed feedback about their biology lab reports.
c) Have students reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of their performance in a daily journal.
d) Give students a checklist of things to look for as they read the first draft of their research papers.

b)

Monika says to her teacher, "I am doing pretty well in my classes, I guess, but I just don't really feel like I've found the right group of friends at school. I am a little lost." Monika's statement most directly reflects her need for:

Answers:
a) autonomy.
b) arousal.
c) a sense of belonging.
d) a sense of self-determination.

c)

Three of the following are true statements about intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Which one is false?

Answers:
a) Reminding students of the importance of good grades will promote extrinsic rather than intrinsic motivation.
b) Compared to students who are extrinsically motivated, students who are intrinsically motivated are more likely to learn classroom material in meaningful and effective ways.
c) Students' intrinsic motivation to learn school subject matter tends to decrease as they get older.
d) Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are mutually exclusive: Students who have one are highly unlikely to have the other.

d)

Which one of the following statements best describes motivation theorists' concept of sense of self-determination?
Selected Answer:
Correct
Believing that you have some choice about what you do
Answers:
Reinforcing yourself when you do a good job
c) Believing that you have some choice about what you do
d) Deciding what kind of profession you want to pursue
Knowing that you can accomplish something if you put your mind to it

...

Three of the following statements characterize students with learned helplessness. Which one does not characterize learned helplessness?

Answers:
a) They set low goals for themselves.
b) They become easily discouraged when they fail.
c) They have little confidence in their ability to succeed.
d) They are usually young children rather than older children or adolescents.

d)

Which one of the following reflects class inclusion as Piaget described it?

Answers:
a) Getting cows and horses confused
b) Identifying a shape as a square one day but as a triangle the next
c) Realizing that things that are cars can also be vehicles
d) Understanding that some behaviors that are perfectly acceptable at home are unacceptable at school

c)

Five-year-old Becky is playing with blocks, stacking them one on top of another until her towers eventually tumble, and then stacking them again. Which one of the following best reflects Piaget's view of how Becky is probably learning in this situation?

Answers:
a) Because she is probably still in the sensorimotor stage, she will remember what she learns about the blocks only while the blocks are still in front of her.
b) She is absorbing information about how the environment behaves (e.g., "objects fall") without consciously thinking about it.
c) She is actively thinking about and interpreting the results of her actions.
d) Because she builds one tower after another, she is obviously reinforced by watching her towers tumble down.

c)

In educational psychology, a theory can best be characterized as:

Answers:
a) A description of the results of a particular research study
b) An explanation of how and why learning or development occurs
c) An objective measure of how a person behaves in a particular situation
d) A statement that describes how a particular variable affects learning or development

b)

Which one of the following statements most accurately describes Vygotsky's view of how cognitive development occurs?

Answers:
a) Children's cognitive growth should be judged on the basis of their actual developmental level, not on the basis of their level of potential development.
b) Cognitive development progresses through four distinct stages; each stage is characterized by increasingly complex thought and language.
c) Children develop, in part, by working on challenging tasks with the assistance of more competent individuals.
d) Language and thought, although closely intertwined in the first few years of life, become increasingly distinct entities over time.

c)

In Piaget's theory, a scheme can best be described as:

Answers:
a) a mental picture of oneself.
b) a lifestyle or family pattern.
c) an organized set of similar thoughts or actions.
d) a set of motor skills that children acquire during the preschool years.

c)

You have several students in your class who speak a dialect other than Standard English. If you follow the textbook's recommendation for handling this situation, you will:

Answers:
a) teach them to speak and write Standard English exclusively, and as quickly as possible.
b) allow them to use their own dialect or version of English exclusively in all school classes and activities.
c) strongly discourage them from speaking their dialect, even when they are off school grounds.
d) ask them to use Standard English in formal situations (e.g., oral reports) but encourage them to use their own dialect in other situations.

...

Which one of the following is the most accurate statement about group differences among students?

Answers:
a) When we have knowledge about typical group differences, we have a very good idea of how individual students are likely to perform in the classroom.
b) We can make fairly accurate predictions about individual students when we know their ethnic background, but not when we know their gender.
c) We can make fairly accurate predictions about individual students when we know their gender, but not when we know their ethnic background.
d) The average for two groups may be different, but variability within each group keeps us from predicting individual performance.

d)

According to Erik Erikson, students' ability to trust those around them initially stems from:

Answers:
a) Early experiences with teachers
b) Experiences with adults during infancy
c) Peer behaviors during the elementary years
d) Friendships formed during the teenage years

b)

Which one of the following best describes Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

Answers:
a) A series of stages, each of which has a unique developmental task to be addressed
b) A process of becoming increasingly self-confident through the years as one's competence improves
c) A series of stages in which people develop increasingly sophisticated social skills
d) A progression of increasingly abstract understandings of social situations

a)

During a vocabulary lesson, a teacher talks aloud about how she herself tries to remember the meanings of new vocabulary words. For example, she says, "One of our words this week is herald, which means 'to announce or give notice of.' How might I remember that? Oh, I know! I can think of the Boston Herald, a newspaper that my parents subscribed to when I was young. A newspaper announces what's happening in the world, so it makes sense that it's called the Herald." The teacher's statement is a good example of:

Answers:
a) cognitive modeling.
b) collective self-efficacy.
c) vicarious reinforcement.
d) self-monitoring.

a)

Which one of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Answers:
a) Alice notices that her friend Ellen gets extra attention from the teacher when she acts helpless. Alice begins to act helpless as well.
b) Bill knows that he will get a higher grade if he turns in a research paper that is typed rather than handwritten, but he turns in a handwritten paper anyway.
c) Connie sees her friend Maria scolded for chewing gum in class. She quickly takes her own gum out of her mouth.
d) David sees how Justin gets good grades when he works hard on his mathematics homework, but David doesn't want to work that hard.

c)

Some early psychologists argued that thinking cannot be observed and so cannot be studied objectively and scientifically. How would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to respond to this argument?

Answers:
a) "Modern technology allows us to examine thought processes in a very precise manner."
b) "By studying people's responses to various stimuli, we can draw inferences about the thought processes that underlie those responses."
c) "We study mental events, which are not necessarily the same thing as 'thinking.' "
d) "We can determine what people are thinking simply by asking them what they are thinking. The things they say are observable behaviors that we can measure objectively."

b)

Students' misconceptions about the world may come from a variety of sources. Which one of the following is not a likely source that theorists have identified?

Answers:
a) Students form general theories based on how the world appears to be.
b) Teachers and textbooks sometimes provide misinformation.
c) Students usually believe explanations that younger children give them.
d) Common expressions in language (e.g., the sun "sets" in the west) misrepresent reality.

c)

Which one of the following teaching practices is definitely an example of evidence-based practice?

Answers:
a) A kindergarten teacher asks students to bring something from home that begins with the letter B.
b) A fourth-grade teacher uses a reading program that research has shown to be effective for fourth graders.
c) A seventh-grade science teacher asks students to conduct experiments in which they must determine which one of several variables makes a pendulum swing fast or more slowly.
d) A high school art teacher encourages students to choose a medium (e.g., clay, watercolor paints) that they can best use to express themselves.

b)

Which one of the following is the best example of qualitative research?

Answers:
a) Comparing average achievement test scores for students at three different schools
b) Finding out how long it takes 6-year-olds to assemble challenging picture puzzles
c) Interviewing middle school students about cliques at their school
d) Looking at school attendance records to identify potential school dropouts

c)

Rani has just moved here from a Middle Eastern country where most women remain at home serving their husbands and taking care of their children. She seems confused when she is asked to perform the same school tasks as her male classmates. Rani's situation illustrates:

Answers:
a) Why gender schemas are irrelevant to some cultures
b) Cultural differences in personal space
c) The importance of wait time
d) Cultural mismatch

d)

A student says to you, "My momma she be singin' all da time." It is most likely that this student:

Answers:
a) is from a home where English is not the primary language.
b) is using a dialect with some grammatical constructions different from those of Standard English.
c) has a different conception of time than is typical of most children in American schools.
d) has a speech disorder that will qualify the student for special services.

b)

If we consider Kohlberg's theory of moral development, we could best characterize children's moral development as a process of:

Answers:
a) progressing through a series of stages from self-centeredness to increasing concern about the needs and rights of others.
b) learning to obey the rules that society, government, and religion have established.
c) remaining extremely self-centered until well into adolescence.
d) being almost exclusively a function of how directly students have been instructed about morality and moral issues.

a)

Which one of the following statements illustrates induction as a strategy for promoting moral development?

Answers:
a) "Your behavior is not allowed in this classroom. As a consequence, you'll have to stay after school today."
b) "You destroyed Martha's paper, and now she has to stay late to finish rewriting it."
c) "If you don't help with clean-up, you don't get to go out on recess."
d) "You mustn't take Ruthie's paper, or I won't like you any more."

b)

John has just failed a test. From the perspective of attribution theory, is John likely to work harder to pass his next test?

Answers:
a) Definitely not; he will feel as if he is not capable of doing better and so won't try.
b) Absolutely yes; failing one test causes a negative emotional reaction that will motivate him to study.
c) Yes, provided that his low test score is accompanied by information about strengths and weaknesses about his performance.
d) Yes, provided that he believes his test performance is the result of something he didn't do but could do next time.

d)

Marco tells his teacher, "I could probably do well in history, but I am not very interested in it. But even though I think I would like to be a doctor, I just won't ever have the science skills that I'd need for that career." Marco is best described as having:

Answers:
a) a fixed mindset AND a growth mindset.
b) a generalized growth mindset.
c) learned helplessness.
d) a tendency toward self-handicapping.

a)

From Maslow's perspective, which one of the following best reflects a deficiency need?

Answers:
a) Geri finds ancient civilizations absolutely fascinating.
b) Lorne writes and plays folk songs as a way of expressing himself.
c) Bill is worried that Mark might beat him up on the way home from school.
d) Rachel is curious about why her science experiment didn't turn out the way she expected it would.

c)

Francine failed her English literature exam. Given what attribution theory tells us about how students typically interpret failures, how is Francine least
likely to explain her failure?

Answers:
a) She had bad luck.
b) She didn't study enough.
c) The teacher writes bad exams.
d) The room was too noisy during the exam.

b)

Which one of the following students clearly has a performance goal rather than a mastery goal?

Answers:
a) Alec judges his own performance on the basis of how his classmates do.
b) Blanche persists when she encounters a difficult mathematics problem.
c) Christina always does more than her teacher requires.
d) Devon is bored by easy assignments.

a)

Which one of the following is definitely an example of affect as psychologists use the term?

Answers:
a) Jack wonders why people who live in Australia and New Zealand don't fall off the earth into space.
b) After considerable effort, Ramona finally finds the error she made in her solution to a mathematical word problem.
c) Charles can't remember where he left the backpack he takes to school each day.
d) Darby is outraged when she reads about various instances of "ethnic cleansing" in seemingly civilized countries.

d)

Which one of the following examples best illustrates the effect of contiguity
on learning?

Answers:
a) Because you studied hard Thursday night, you do well on an exam Friday morning.
b) Because you did well on Friday's exam, you get a good grade at the end of the semester.
c) As you step onto a tennis court for the first time, you recall how you saw tennis players at Wimbledon serve the ball.
d) Because a classmate embarrasses you in front of your friends, you associate that classmate with bad feelings.

d)

A fellow teacher says to you, "I never believe my students have learned anything until I see their behavior change for the better." Without knowing anything else about this teacher, you can guess that he or she agrees with the __________ perspective of learning.

Answers:
a) behaviorist
b) social cognitive
c) cognitive
d) Piagetian

a)

Classical conditioning typically occurs when:
.
Answers:
a) a response is followed by two stimuli.
b) a response is followed by an unpleasant stimulus.
c) a response is followed by a single reinforcing stimulus.
d) two stimuli are presented at about the same time.

d)

Which one of the following statements best describes the phenomenon of generalization
in behaviorist learning theories?

Answers:
a) Learning a complex skill is much easier once students have learned other, simpler skills.
b) Students sometimes make an inappropriate response in a particular situation even when they have responded correctly in that situation on numerous other occasions.
c) Students think that because their classmates are allowed to behave in a particular way, such behavior is acceptable for themselves as well.
d) When students learn to respond to a certain stimulus in a particular way, they are likely to respond to similar stimuli in the same way.

d)

In a science lesson on heat, Ms. Jones explains that heat is the result of molecules moving back and forth very quickly and that gases are heated more quickly than liquids. The next day she asks her class the following four questions. Which one requires a complex cognitive process?

Answers:
a) "Who can remember yesterday's discussion about heat?"
b) "What is heat?"
c) "Which one is heated more quickly—a gas or a liquid?"
d) "Why is it cooler near the ocean on a hot summer day?"

d)

In which one of the following examples is metacognition most clearly illustrated?

Answers:
a) Mary knows all the letters of the alphabet before she begins kindergarten.
b) Fran knows how much of a book she is likely to remember a month later.
c) At age 6, Billy can read fourth-grade-level books.
d) Alex has a photographic memory that enables him to remember almost everything he sees.

b)

Which one of the following is the most accurate statement about cultural differences among students?

Which one of the following statements most accurately describes behaviorists view of how learning can best be studied?

Which one of the following statements best describes how learners often acquire procedural knowledge?

When we say that different cultural and ethnic groups have different worldviews What do we mean?