The goals and objectives of this chapter are to: Show
Distribution of Urbanized AreasCENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT URBAN GROWTH
MODELS The second model for city development and growth is called the
sector model. This model states that cities tend to grow in sectors rather than concentric rings. The idea behind this model is that “like groups” tend to grow in clusters and expand as a cluster. The center of this model is still the CBD. The next sector is called the transportation and industry sector. The third sector is called the low-class residential sector, where lower income households tend to group. The fourth sector is called the middle-class sector and the fifth is
the high-class sector. The third and final urban design is called the multiple nuclei model. In this model, the city is more complex and has more than one CBD. A node could exist for the downtown region, another where a university is situated, and maybe another where an international airport may be. Some clustering does exist in this model because some sectors tend to stay away from other sectors. For example, industry does not tend to develop next to high-income housing. Determining which urban model fits a particular city is often based on census data.The U.S. Bureau of the Census divides urban areas into census tracts, where each track contains approximately 5,000 residents. Every 10 years, the bureau does a complete count of the country’s individuals and publishes the results. Data includes household incomes, gender, ethnicity, high school completions, and more. This information is not only collected but mapped for spatial analysis. Social scientists use the data and maps to analyze demographic patterns spatially and over time to help understands current and project future social, demographic, and economic trends. Sociologists, geographers, and urban planners know that no city exactly follows one of the urban models of growth. But the models help us understand broader reason why people live where they do. Higher income households tend to live away from lower income households. Renters and house owners also tend to segregate from each other. In fact, renters tend to live closer to the CBD, whereas home owners tend to live along the outer regions of the city. It should be noted that the three models were developed shortly after World War II and based on U.S. cities; many critics now state that they don’t truly represent modern cities. An excellent website on urban planning using geospatial technology is called the Urban Observatory. The website provides access to spatial data for cities all around the world and allows you to simultaneously view multiple cities at once. Compare and contrast visualized information for a greater understanding of life in the 21st century. Urban ExpansionMETROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS The U.S. Bureau of the Census has created a way of measuring the influence cities have on surrounding regions, called the metropolitan statistical area (MSA). An MSA is defined as an urbanized area with at least 50,000 residents, includes the county the city exists within, and any surrounding counties if a high percentage of the residents within those counties work in the central city’s county. The federal government has also created smaller designations for urban areas smaller than 50,000 residents and is called a micropolitan statistical area. If there is any overlap between these two statistical areas, usually in the form of commuting and transportation patterns, the census has created the term combined statistical area.
FRAGMENTED GOVERNMENTS Challenges to Urban GrowthINNER CITIES
SLUMS AND SHANTY TOWNS
Based on reports by UN Habitat, it is currently believed that over 35 percent of the all those living in urbanized areas of the world live in slums and shanty towns. There are a variety of reasons why these types of living conditions develop that include: rapid rapid rural-to-urban migration, economic stagnation and depression, high unemployment, poverty, informal economy, poor
planning, politics, natural disasters and social conflicts. GENTRIFICATION The logic behind gentrification is that it not only reduces crime and homelessness, it also brings tax revenue to cities to improve the city's infrastructure. But there has also been a backlash against gentrification because some view it as a tax break for the middle and upper class rather than spending much needed money on social programs for low income families. It could also be argued that improving lower class households would also increase tax revenue because funding could go toward job skill training, child care services, and reducing drug use and crime. URBAN SPRAWL Building Cities for the Future
SummaryMany are saying that if we are going to save the world, we need to start with our cities. Of the 7 billion people on the planet, over half of them now live in urban areas. So it's becoming critical that humans make a conscious effort to create sustainable cities that address issues of poverty, segregation, environmental pollution, urban landscapes, and transportation. Urban planners have created a series of models that try to analyze and predict how cities have developed and their projected trends. But has criticized them because they tend to focus on European urban places and that they don't represent the global trends. In less developed countries, shanty towns of extreme poverty are a lot of issues that must be considered and addressed with our city landscapes. In more developed countries, inner cities must deal with poverty, segregation, higher crime rates, and homelessness. Gentrification can be a positive and negative influence on city growth. This process brings middle-class citizens into cities by providing them benefits to "fix up" inner cities. But often times this leads to a form of segregation because more often than not white citizens come in and replace minority citizens. It can also lead to controversial issues like "class warfare." What is the peripheral model of urban areas?There was actually an urban sprawl model developed to explain U.S. development called the peripheral model. This model states that urban areas consists of a CBD followed by large suburban are of business and residential developments. The outer regions of the suburbs become transition zones of rural areas.
What is a peripheral model?Definition: a model of north American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.
What are the 3 models of urban development?Through the years ecological researchers have identified three major models of the geometry of city form: concentric zone, sector, and multiple nuclei.
What is the Harris and Ullman model?In 1945, Harris and Ullman developed the multiple-nuclei model. They asserted that the Central Business District (CBD) was no longer the only center of an urban area or city. In earlier models, the CBD was at the core of the urban land use model and was found at the heart of every older city.
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