The Conditioned Stimulus is a behavioral response? T/F The Conditioned Stimulus must precede and predict the CR in order for conditioning to occur? In delay conditioning the CS and US overlap? During CS-US Pairings, if a CR doesn't occur, the US will not be presented? false (it predicts the occurrence of the US) an elicited response that appears to be a CR is actually the result of sensitization rather than conditioning In Pavlovian conditioning, contiguity usually refers to the interval between the CS and US. This interval is called the interstimulus interval (ISI). CS and US salience/intensity more salient = more rapid acquisition ways of increasing salience If...then. If the bell rings, then the food is presented. The stronger the contingency the faster the conditioning The amount of time between the end of a stimulus and the beginning of another stimulus the amount of time that elapses between two successive trials. As the ISI increases and the contiguity decreases conditioning decreases The CS predicts the occurrence of the US the CS predicts the nonoccurence of the US (although no response to the CS will occur, the animal has learned something) Inhibitory conditioning example - Bell-> Food, light-> no food - Bell->salivation, light -> no salivation a CS that prevents the occurrence of a CR, or reduces the size of the CR from what it would otherwise be explain the curve of acquisition and extinction higher-order conditioning a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a neural stimulus creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone (second-order conditioning) A Procedure in which one biologically weak stimulus (CS2) is repeatedly paired with another biologically weak stimulus (CS1). Then, CS1 is conditioned with an unconditioned stimulus. In a later test trial CS2 also will elicit the conditioned response, even though CS2 was never directly paired with the US. Prior experience with a neutral stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus delays/inhibits conditioning when the NS and the US are paired (CS preexposure effect) interference with conditioning produced by repeated exposures to the cs before the conditioning trials also called latent inhibition effect Failure of a stimulus to become a CS when it is part of a compound stimulus that includes an already effective CS. Demonstrates that simply pairing a stimulus with an US is not sufficient for conditioning to occur If two neutral stimuli differing in salience (loud tone/dim light) are combined (compound stimulus) and associated with an US in a conditioning procedure, conditioning will occur mostly to the more salient stimulus (loud tone) give an example of higher order conditioning? banging on the side of the bowl (know food is coming) Example of sensory preconditioning aversion to cinnamon can lead to an aversion to vanilla, even though vanilla never caused illness example of latent inhibition Ex. dogs that were exposed to a ringing bell without getting food (Pavlov’s dogs). Since there is no association between the ring of the bell and food, the dogs would learn to ignore the ringing bells A tone and electric shock were repeatedly paired with rats. A compound stimulus of a tone and light was then presented with the shock. The new stimulus (light) failed to become a CS despite its novelty (undermines latent inhibition) You are attempting to train your dog to sit. Every time you say the word sit and raise your hand, a friend pushes the dog into a sitting position. After a week of training, your dog sits when you speak the command, but still does nothing when you raise your hand. There may be a problem with _____ in this training
repeatedly presenting the CS without the US. The CR decreases at the highest rate in the few first extinction trials. Rate of extinction slows Extinction and spontaneous recovery with consecutive extinction sessions the amount of spontaneous recovery decreases. The longer the time between the extinction sessions, the greater the degree of spontaneous recovery Spontaneous recovery and rapid reacquisition the rapid recovery of the CR when the CS is again paired with the US. Provides evidence that extinction does not destroy the learned CS-US relation The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred. Spontaneous recovery occurs during extinction at the beginning of each session. It does not occur when the CS-US pairings are reintroduced. (rapid reacquisition) new conditioning of a CS and US occurs much faster after each extinction session suggesting that there is some "SAVINGS" of the original CS-US association How Watson and Rayner developed a conditioned fear in little Albert when hearing loud noise, he begin to cry> placed white rat in lap, then loud noise, he began to cry> placed white rat in lap, he began to cry; similar reactions with dogs, fur and santa mask; he did not become fearful of anything else, responding to some stimuli and not others is stimulus discrimination Watson & Raynor- 11 month old orphan who never cried and was not easily scared set out to emotionally condition him UCS- banging steel bar near him UCR- crying CS- white rabbit CR- scared of white rabbit generalization- fear of furry white objects.. santa John B. Watson (1920) showed that classical conditioning was at the root of phobias, by conditioning 11-month-old "Little Albert" to be afraid of white lab rat by frightening him with loud noise while playing with one. Effects lingered and generalized to white rabbit, seal-skin coat, etc. stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response involuntary reflex response to an unconditioned stimulus originally irrelevant stimulus, that after association w/ an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response The learned response to a conditioned stimulus Describe Mary Cover Jone's counterconditioning experiment. Little Peter ate food he enjoyed while a scary white rabbit was nearby, which inched closer to him over time. This eventually caused Little Peter to become unafraid of the white rabbit because it was indirectly associated with the good food. A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors including exposure therapies and aversive conditioning. behavioral therapy for phobias, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, or related anxiety disorders in which the person is repeatedly exposed to the disturbing object or situation under controlled conditions. Mother of behavior therapy Little Peter CS, US, UR, CR CS - rabbit US - cookies UR - cookies with rabbit make him happy CR - rabbit makes him happy Used gradual exposure therapy to help cats overcome their fear of stimuli previously paired with shock Systematic desensitization Type of counter conditioning. Associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli and is commonly used to treat phobias. (Wolpe) Steps of Systematic Desensitization 1.) Construction of fear hierarchy 2.) Relaxation training 3.) Gradual exposure to feared stimuli while in relaxed state relaxation at each stage is not necessary and may actually be counterproductive for panic disorder Modern exposure therapy - fear tolerance produced by gradual exposure more evidence that associations are not unlearned during extinction, but rather that new ones are learned Virtual Reality Therapy (VRT) - experience a virtual environment that elicits the
same physiological reactions (feared response) Virtual reality exposure therapy An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking. aversive counterconditioning a treatment for alcoholism and other addictions in which the addictive substance is paired with an aversive stimulus, such as an illness-inducing drug, designed to condition an aversive resposne to the addictive substance. Aversive counterconditioning continued CS is paired with an aversive US (something painful or disgusting) so the CS comes to elicit an unpleasant CR exhibitionism treatment for paraphilias. Often ineffective and unethical (bottle of foul smelling acid to make people vomit) A drug that makes the drinking of alcohol produce nausea and other unpleasant effects; trade name for disulfiram US - Antabuse, UR - nausea, CS - taste of alc, CR -nausea US- drug, UR- pleasurable effects, CS - drug cues, CR - drug craving conditioned compensatory responses (drug craving NOT drug overdose) physiological responses opposite to the effects of a drug that are thought to be elicited by stimuli that are regularly associated with experiencing the drug effects decreased effects of drug with continued use Respiration classical conditioning US - drug, UR - slowing heart rate, CS - things associated with the drug, CR - increased opposition to drug in result of tolerance All groups given very large doses of heroin - 3 groups including a control group Control group giving large dosage for the first time had greatest response Classical Conditioning and heroin overdose US - Drug, UR - depressant physiological effects, CS - Drug cues, CR - withdrawal symptoms If you eat a novel food and then get sick a taste aversion to the food might develop. NS - smell/taste of food, UR - illness, Smell/taste new food - CS, CR - queasy Uniqueness of Taste aversion The CS and US can be separated by a much longer time period than usual. Only one trial is required for conditioning to occur Conditioning and Prejudice NS - member of group disliked, UCS - parent negative reaction - UCR- child upset and fearful, CS - member of group disliked, UCR - child is upset and fearful neutral stimuli are paired with previously established positive or negative stimuli the subjects are asked to rate the previously neutral stimuli simultaneous conditioning if the US and CS are presented at the same time (also known as: bed-wetting.) urinary incontinence during sleep. original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together Organisms learn an association between US-UR, CS-CR, CS-US, CS-UR Preparatory-Response Theory A theory of classical conditioning that proposes that the purpose of the CR is to prepare the organism for the presentation of the US. a cognitive model of classical conditioning; states that the strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the unconditioned stimulus is unexpected or surprising |
Which of the following provide evidence for the durability of the CS US association
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