Which of the following explains how the bureaucracy can address a problem shown in the infographic?

How the Supreme Court Works

The Supreme Court is:

• The highest court in the country
• Located in Washington, DC
• The head of the judicial branch of the federal government
• Responsible for deciding whether laws violate the Constitution
• In session from early October until late June or early July

How a Case Gets to the Supreme Court

Most cases reach the Court on appeal. An appeal is a request for a higher court to reverse the decision of a lower court. Most appeals come from federal courts. They can come from state courts if a case deals with federal law.

Rarely, the Court hears a new case, such as one between states.

1. Dissatisfied parties petition the Court for review
   Parties may appeal their case to the Supreme Court, petitioning the Court to review the decision of the lower court.

2. Justices study documents
   The Justices examine the petition and supporting materials.

3. Justices vote
   Four Justices must vote in favor for a case to be granted review.

What Happens Once a Case is Selected for Review?

1. Parties make arguments
   The Justices review the briefs (written arguments) and hear oral arguments. In oral arguments, each side usually has 30 minutes to present its case. The Justices typically ask many questions during this time.

2. Justices write opinions
   The Justices vote on the case and write their opinions.

   The majority opinion shared by more than half of the Justices becomes the Court’s decision.

   Justices who disagree with the majority opinion write dissenting or minority opinions.

3. The Court issues its decision
   Justices may change their vote after reading first drafts of the opinions. Once the opinions are completed and all of the Justices have cast a final vote, the Court “hands down” its decision.

   All cases are heard and decided before summer recess. It can take up to nine months to announce a decision.

Every year:

The Court receives 7,000-8,000 requests for review and grants 70-80 for oral argument. Other requests are granted and decided without argument.

About the Justices:

There are nine Justices:

• A Chief Justice, who sits in the middle and is the head of the judicial branch.
• Eight Associate Justices

When a new Justice is needed:

• The President nominates a candidate, usually a federal judge.
• The Senate votes to confirm the nominee.
• The Court can continue deciding cases with less than nine Justices, but if there is a tie, the lower court’s decision stands.

Justices are appointed for life, though they may resign or retire.

• They serve an average of 16 years.

AP U.S. Government and PoliticsTest BookletUnit 2 the Presidency and the BureaucracyNameCopyright © 2021. The College Board. These materials are part of a College Board program. Use or distribution of these materials online or in print beyond yourschool’s participation in the program is prohibited.Page 1 of 151.An advantage that bureaucrats in federal government have over the President in the policymaking process isthat bureaucratsAcontrol the budgetary processBhave an independence from the President that is guaranteed by the ConstitutionCfind it easier to marshall public support than does the PresidentDusually have a continuity of service in the executive branch that the President lacksEhave better access to the media than does the President2.A fundamental source of power for the federal bureaucracy lies in itsArole in moving legislation out of subcommitteesBrole in mediating interstate conflictsCability to convince Congress to fund most projects it supportsDability to mobilize public opinion in support of legislative initiativesEability to set specific guidelines after receiving a general mandate from Congress3.Cabinet departments differ from independent regulatory agencies in which of the following ways?

AP U.S. Government and PoliticsTest BookletUnit 2 the Presidency and the BureaucracyCopyright © 2021. The College Board. These materials are part of a College Board program. Use or distribution of these materials online or in print beyond yourschool’s participation in the program is prohibited.Page 2 of 15AThe President can use an executive order to create a cabinet department but not to create an independentregulatory agency.BThe President can dismiss cabinet officers, but not commissioners of independent regulatory agencies.CThe President seeks appointees who reflect administration views in making cabinet appointments but not inmaking appointments to independent regulatory agencies.DThrough the appropriations process, Congress can exert control over the cabinet departments but not overindependent regulatory agencies.EThe courts can overrule regulations issued by cabinet departments, but not those issued by independentregulatory agencies.4.Which of the following best illustrates the point being made in the cartoon above?

AP U.S. Government and PoliticsTest BookletUnit 2 the Presidency and the BureaucracyCopyright © 2021. The College Board. These materials are part of a College Board program. Use or distribution of these materials online or in print beyond yourschool’s participation in the program is prohibited.Page 3 of 15AThe influence of presidents on the Supreme Court is limited because the Senate often rejects their nominees.BThe terms of Supreme Court justices should be reduced from their current forty years.

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