Lumbar puncture, also known as spinal tap, is an invasive procedure where a hollow needle is inserted into the space surrounding the subarachnoid space in the lower back to obtain samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for qualitative analysis.
Most of the disorders of the central nervous system are diagnosed in relation to the changes in the composition and dynamics of the CSF. A lumbar puncture may also be used to measure CSF, instill medications, or introduce contrast medium into the spinal canal. The procedure usually takes around 30 to 45 minutes and can be done on an outpatient basis at a hospital or clinic. One of the responsibilities of the
nurse during a lumbar puncture is to provide information and instructions before, during and after the procedure. It will decrease fear and
anxiety among the patient and their families, and it will also lessen the occurrence of potential complications post-lumbar puncture. IndicationLumbar puncture is indicated for the following reasons:
ContraindicationAbsolute contraindication for lumbar puncture are as follows:
EquipmentThe lumbar puncture kit contains:
ProcedureThe step-by-step procedure for a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is as follows:
Nursing Responsibility for Lumbar PunctureThe following are the nursing interventions and nursing care considerations for a patient indicated for lumbar puncture: Before the procedureThe following are the nursing interventions prior to a lumbar puncture:
After the procedureThe nurse should note of the following nursing interventions post-lumbar puncture:
Normal ResultsCSF samples for analysis with normal values typically range as follows:
Abnormal ResultsThese are the abnormal findings that can be found in CSF analysis:
ComplicationsThe possible complications after a lumbar puncture are:
GalleryImages related to lumbar puncture: ReferencesAdditional resources and references for this guide:
Paul Martin is a registered nurse with a bachelor of science in nursing since 2007. Having worked as a medical-surgical nurse for five years, he handled different kinds of patients and learned how to provide individualized care to them. Now, his experiences working in the hospital is carried over to his writings to help aspiring students achieve their goals. He is currently working as a nursing instructor and have a particular interest in nursing management, emergency care, critical care, infection control, and public health. As a writer at Nurseslabs, his goal is to impart his clinical knowledge and skills to students and nurses helping them become the best version of themselves and ultimately make an impact in uplifting the nursing profession. What nursing action would be implemented after a client has a lumbar puncture?The nurse should note of the following nursing interventions post-lumbar puncture: Apply brief pressure to the puncture site. Pressure will be applied to avoid bleeding, and the site is covered by a small occlusive dressing or band-aid. Place the patient flat on bed.
What are the nursing considerations are needed for a lumbar puncture?Nursing considerations
Lumbar puncture is a strict aseptic technique requiring full sterile procedures. Encourage patients to drink well before and after the procedure. Positioned the patient carefully, laying on one side in a curled up position with the lumbar spine exposed (knees drawn up to the chest).
In what position should the nurse place a client post lumbar puncture?Place the patient in a lateral recumbent position, with her knees flexed toward her abdomen, her chin flexed onto her chest, and her back at the edge of the bed or examining table. Arching the back increases the space between vertebrae to ease needle insertion.
Which purpose is appropriate when performing a lumbar puncture?A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) may be done to: Collect cerebrospinal fluid to check for infections, inflammation or other diseases. Measure the pressure of cerebrospinal fluid. Inject spinal anesthetics, chemotherapy drugs or other medications.
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