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Terms in this set (124)Grasping an object using the hand and fingers, but not the thumb, is called the: Palmer grasp In the Strange Situation, a child with an ambivalent attachment will typically: Cling to the caregiver, be upset when the caregiver leaves, but remain upset when the caregiver returns Rates of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome began to decline significantly in the mid-1990s after the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that: Babies be put to bed on their backs Piaget's sensorimotor period has six substages. In which substage does the infant begin to interact with objects in the environment, first accidentally and then deliberately? Secondary circular reactions The average American baby will _________ their birth weight by the time they turn 1 year old. Triple Which typically develops first in infants, the palmer grasp or the pincer grasp? Palmer Which term refers to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects? Motor skills The _________ reflex involves turning the head when the cheek is touched. Rooting In the United States, the most common attachment style appears to be: Secure Hiromi sees a toy car under the kitchen table and then crawls, reaches, and grabs the toy. Which of Piaget's substages is she illustrating here? Coordination of secondary circular reactions Newborns prefer to hear ______ voice over other voices. Their their mother's The realization that you are separate from others is called: Self-awareness According to Erikson, if a caregiver is overly anxious about the toddler's actions for fear that the child will get hurt or violate others' expectations, the toddler may fail to successfully achieve: Autonomy Early malnutrition is associated with: Attention
problems The set of rules we use to obtain meaning from morphemes is called: Semantics The set of rules of a language by which we construct sentencesis called: Syntax The average newborn in the United States weighs about _______ pounds. 7.5 In Chess and Thomas' system for classifying infant temperaments, a(n) __________ infant is described as being one who reacts negatively to new situations, has trouble adapting to routine, is usually negative in mood, and cries frequently. Difficult The process whereby infants seek out information from others to clarify a situation and then use that information to act is called: Social referencing ________ are branching extensions that collect information from other neurons. Dendrites ________ believed we learn language through association and reinforcement.
Skinner A string of one or more phonemes that makes up the smallest units of meaning in a language is called a: Morpheme The _________ lobe is responsible primarily for thinking, planning, memory, and judgment. Frontal Thinking that a label applies to all objects that are similar to the original object, such as thinking that "Mama" applies to every woman regardless of her relation to you, is called: Overextension The process of fitting new information into an existing schema is called: Assimilation The _________ lobe processes visual information. Occipital Newborns can distinguish between sour, bitter, sweet, and salty flavors and show a preference for_________ flavors. Sweet The _________ lobe is responsible for hearing and language. Temporal According to your textbook, which of the following is NOT a sign that an infant is ready for solid foods? Has developed at least four teeth A newborns' visual acuity is about: 20/400 Infants begin to smile at other people who engage their positive attention at around: Two months of age According to your textbook, holophrasic speech is defined as: One-word expressions In the Strange Situation, a child with an avoidant attachment will typically: Avoid or ignore the mother and show little reaction when separated or reunited The formation of connections between neurons is called: Synaptogenesis Infants are innately ready to respond to the sounds of any language, but some of this ability will be lost by 7 or 8 months as the infant becomes familiar with the sounds of a particular language and less sensitive to sounds that are part of an unfamiliar language. This is consistent with the concept of: Synaptic pruning The term _________ refers to how well the interaction styles and communication patterns between infants and their parents match. Goodness of fit ________ believed we learn language through observation and imitation. Bandura In the Strange Situation, a child with a disorganized attachment will typically: Behave in inconsistent ways, such as approaching the mother and then freezing A(n) _________ attachment develops when there is consistent contact from one or more caregivers who meet the physical and emotional needs of the child in a responsive and appropriate manner. Secure Babies learn to hold their heads up before they learn to walk. This is an example of _________ development. Cephalocaudal Which term refers to the brain's ability to change, both physically and chemically, to enhance its adaptability to environmental change and compensate for injury? Neuroplasticity _________ is the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis. Circumcision In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a framework for organizing information is referred to as a(n): NOT Schema A measurement technique in which a large number of behaviors are recorded on cards and the observer sorts the cards in a way that reflects the type of behavior that occurs within the situation is called: not analysis of covartation In general, women who breastfeed have: 1) The term __________ refers to the innate characteristics of the infant, including mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity, noticeable soon after birth. Temperament The process through which neural connections are reduced, thereby making those that are used much stronger, is called: Synaptic pruning ___________ is a parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as the child explores the surroundings. Secure base _______ motor skills focus on large muscle groups that control our head, torso, arms and legs and involve larger movements. Gross During the Strange Situation, Nnenne clings to her mother, is upset when her mother leaves, but does not calm down her mother returns. Her attachment style can best be described as: Ambivalent Fear in response to the presence of a stranger is called: Stranger wariness When we refer to infant sleep as "polyphasic", we mean that: Infants sleep in several periods throughout the day instead of just one long time period at night The process whereby we use strategies to control our emotional states so that we can attain goals is called: Emotional self-regulation According to your textbook, babbling is defined as: Intentional vocalizations that lack specific meaning and comprise a consonant-vowel repeated sequence Children are at risk for developing reactive attachment disorder if they: Repeatedly change primary caregivers Fear in response to the departure of significant others is called: Separation anxiety Myelin is: A coating of fatty tissues around the axon of the neuron The "little scientist" substage of Piaget's sensorimotor period is also called: Tertiary circular reactions Piaget's sensorimotor period has six substages. In which substage does the infant begin to actively involve their own body in some form of repeated activity? NOT Secondary circular reactions Typically, infants can perceive depth in both real life and pictures by: 6 months of age Carmen has a dog at home and so is familiar with what a dog is. She sees a bear for the first time and says "Doggie!" Her sister says "No, that's a bear", and Carmen now has separate schemas for dogs and bears. What process is being described here? Accommodation The electrical signal traveling down the axon is called the: Action potential The first word of English-speaking children tend to be: Nouns __________ development occurs from head to tail. Cephalocaudal We use contextual information, the information surrounding language, to help us interpret it. Examples of contextual information include: 1) Freud believed that infants became attached to their mothers because: He believed that infants gained pleasure from sucking and mouthing objects, so the person who fed them would become their source of security and comfort infant-directed speech involves: 1) Approximately how much time does a newborn sleep during a 24-hour period? 16 hours Malik has a dog at home and so is familiar with what a dog is. He sees a bear for the first time and says "Doggie!" What process is he using? Assimilation Children with _________ have diets deficient in protein, usually because another baby has been born and taken over breastfeeding. Kwashiorkor ____________ is the process in which different functions become localized primarily on one side of the brain. Lateralization Infant-directed speech is also called: NOT Telegraphic speech In general, babies who are fed breast milk have: 1) In Chomsky's terms, how an idea is represented in the fundamental universal grammar that is common to all languages is called the: Deep structure According to Erikson, which of the following is required in order for infants to successfully resolve the crisis of Trust vs. Mistrust? Not all of the above During the Strange Situation, Chaska explores the environment, is upset when his mother leaves, and is comforted when she returns. His attachment style can best be described as: Secure Running and jumping are examples of _________ motor skills. Gross __________ are involuntary movements in response to stimulation. Reflexes ____________, an area of the brain next to the auditory cortex, is responsible for language comprehension. Wernicke's area The infant's need for physical closeness and touching is referred to as Contact comfort The cortex is: The thin outer covering of the brain involved in voluntary activity and thinking In Chess and Thomas' system for classifying infant temperaments, a(n) __________ infant is described as being able to quickly adapt to routine and new situations, remains calm, is easy to soothe, and usually is in a positive mood. Easy The smallest unit of sound that makes a meaningful difference in a language is called a: Phoneme The _________ reflex involves the toes fanning out and curling when the sole of the foot is stroked from heel to toe. Babinski Using a spoon is an example of a ________ motor skill. Fine reflexes are useful because they: 1) Deferred imitation is: Imitation of actions after a time delay Infants typically prefer to look at: 1) According to your textbook, cooing is defined as: A one-syllable combination of a consonant and a vowel sound Infants will best be able to see things that: 1) The term "synaptic blooming" refers to: The improvement in cognitive an motor skills as a result of synapse formation In Chess and Thomas' system for classifying infant temperaments, which type is most common? easy Utterances such as "Mommy go" or "Daddy shoe" are examples of: NOT Jargon or babbling The _________ lobe is responsible primarily for processing information about touch. Parietal Being able to overcome challenges and successfully adapt is called: Resiliency In the Strange Situation, a child with a secure attachment will typically: Explore the environment, be upset when the caregiver leaves, and calm down when the caregiver returns Thinking that a word can be used for only that particular object, such as thinking that "Mama" refers only to your own mother and no one else, is called: Underextension During the Strange Situation, Mei pays little attention to her mother and doesn't seem to care whether or not she's present. Her attachment style can best be described as: Avoidant The inability to recall memories from the first few years of life is called: Infantile amnesia Your book defines "language" as: A system of communication that uses symbols in a regular way to create meaning A(n) _________ attachment is often seen in children who have been abused. Disorganized How we communicate effectively and appropriately with others is called: Pragmatics Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations is called: Habituation The diagnosis for an infant who does not grow, develop, or gain weight on schedule is: Non-organic failure to thrive ________ believed we learn language due to a hardwired knowledge of the rules of language that is part of our biological makeup. Chomsky In Chomsky's terms, how an idea is expressed in any one language is called the: Surface structure The process of expanding the framework of knowledge to accommodate the new situation is called: Accommodation ___________ is the close bond with a caregiver from which the infant derives a sense of security. Attachment Grasping an object using the forefinger and thumb is called the: Pincer grasp As we progress from infancy into adulthood, our head makes up ________ of our body length. Less A(n) _________ attachment occurs when the caregiver does not provide care and cannot be relied upon for comfort. Ambivalent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is identified when: The death of a healthy infant occurs suddenly and unexpectedly, and medical and forensic investigation findings (including an autopsy) are inconclusive ____________, an area in front of the left hemisphere near the motor cortex, is responsible for language production. Broca's area The term __________ refers to an individual's consistent pattern of feeling, thinking, and behaving. Personality The first stage of cognitive development in Piaget's theory is the: Sensorimotor period During the Strange Situation, Iyad seems disoriented in the environment, is upset when his mother leaves, but ignores her when she returns. His attachment style can best be described as: Disorganized _______ motor skills focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions. Fine According to your textbook, receptive language is defined as: The infant understanding more than they can say ... ... __________ is the understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists. Object permanence A(n) ___________ attachment occurs when the parent is insensitive and responds inconsistently to the child's needs. Disorganized NOT _________ refers to starvation due to a lack of calories and protein. Infantile marasmus The ability to experience emotions such as shame and pride requires the development of: A self-concept ... ... 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Social referencing represents one of the major mecha- nisms by which infants come to understand the world around them.
How do infants express their emotions?Babies express their emotions through their posture, voice and facial expressions from birth. These attitudes help their carers adapt their behaviour to the baby's emotional state. A baby's tears, for example, may be an expression of his or her distress and primary needs (to be fed or changed or to lie down).
How do babies use social referencing to guide their actions and gather information about the emotions of others?Social referencing is when infants read facial expressions to help them make decisions. Social referencing starts between eight and ten months of age, while infants use visual information obtained from their parents' or caregivers' faces to help them understand different situations.
What occurs when the caregiver and the infant focus on the same object or event?Joint attention: Situations in which caregivers and infants and toddlers share the same focus and interest on an object or topic are referred to as episodes of joint attention.
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When an infant seeks out information from others to clarify a situation and then use that information to act on is called what?
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