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Terms in this set (24)
behavioral procedure used to increase the frequency of a desirable behavior and to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors
Define differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA).
Every time Mrs. Williams sees a nurse at her home, she complains about anything she can and the nurse listens. Thus, when a nurse is present and Mrs. Williams says something positive the nurses listen and when Mrs. Williams complains, the nurses don't provide attention.
Example of DRA.
involves combining reinforcement for a desirable behavior and extinction of undesirable behavior
What 2 behavioral principles are involved in differential reinforcement? Explain
A desirable behavior must be occurring at least occasionally-unless shaping/prompting are used to get the initial behavior, must be able to identify a reinforcer that you can use each time the behavior occurs
When is it appropriate to use DRA?
Observe the person and note which activities or interests he or she pursues-ask them questions, and try out a variety of different stimuli and see which ones function as reinforcers, use the reinforcer that is currently maintaining the undesirable behavior-know that reinforcer already works
Describe 3 ways to identify reinforcers for a person.
When the desirable behavior is occurring consistently and the undesirable behaviors occur rarely if at all-start to thin the schedule of reinforcement and reinforce the desirable behavior. Maintains the desirable behavior over time by making it more resistant to extinction
When using DRA, at what point do you use an intermittent reinforcement schedule? Why?
Early stages of DRA. So that the behavior can begin to occur consistently
When using DRA, at what point do you u se a continuous reinforcement schedule? Why?
Differently reinforcing a low probability behavior with a high probability behavior for a brief time only after completing some of the low probability behavior. Work behavior of people with schizo: reinforced work performance by allowing the patients to sit down and do nothing for a brief time only after completing a certain amount of work, if they did not complete the work they were not allowed to sit down
What is the Premack principle? Example.
G: the target behavior should occur outside the training situation in all relevant stimulus situations. The target behavior should be differentially reinforced in as many relevant situations as possible by as many relevant people as possible to program for generalization
What is generalization? How do you program for generalization when using DRA?
Reinforcer is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior, the reinforcer is delivered after an interval of time in which the problem behavior does not occur, other behaviors may occur when the problem behavior is not occurring you do not identify other behavior to reinforce in place of the problem behavior
How does DRO differ from DRA?
Differential reinforcement of other behavior.
What does DRO stand for?
Sara was a thumb sucker and she liked to have stories read to hear at nap time. Experimenters would read to her when she was not sucking her thumb and not read to her when she was
Example of DRO
Because you are eliminating the reinforcer for the problem behavior and identifying and reinforcing in the absence of the problem behavior
Why is it important to use extinction for the problem behavior when implementing DRO?
The length of the interval should be tied to the baseline rate of the problem behavior: if the behavior occurs frequently the DRO interval will be short and if the problem behavior occurs infrequently the DRO interval will be longer. Suppose the problem behavior occurs at an average rate of 10 times in an hour in a given situation this means that on average 6 mins elapse between each occurrence of the problem behavior
How do you establish a length of the interval for reinforcement in the DRO procedure? Example.
The reinforcement id not delivered and the interval is reset
When implementing DRO, what do you do if the problem behavior occurs before the end of the interval of reinforcement?
the problem behavior must be absent for the whole interval for reinforcer to be delivered
Whole interval DRO procedure?
The problem behavior must be absent at the end of the interval for the reinforcer to be delivered
Momentary DRO procedure?
Whole interval DRO procedure because it was more effective in reducing the problem behavior
Between whole interval DRO procedure and momentary DRO procedure, which is preferable? Why?
Differential reinforcement of low rates of responding: reinforcer is delivered contingent on a lower rate of responding during a period of time. Full-session DRL and Spaced responding DRL
What does DRL stand for? What are the 2 types of DRL procedures?
fewer than X responses occur in the session and reinforcer is delivered. Teacher told student he had to raise his hand no more than 3 times in class to receive reinforcer.
Describe the implementation of full session DRL. Example.
response occurs after an interval of time and reinforcer is delivered. Teacher would only call on the student at least 15 mins after the last time he raised his hand
Describe spaced responding DRL. Example.
DRO: reinforce the absence DRL: You reinforce the lower rate of the problem behavior
How does DRO and DRL differ from each other?
DRO: the reinforcer is delivered for the absence of the behavior after an interval of time has passed, if the behavior occurs the reinforcer is not delivered, used ot eliminate a problem behavior. DRL: the reinforcer is delivered for the occurrence of the behavior after an interval of time has passed since the last instance of the behavior, used if you want to decrease the rate of a behavior that occurs too frequently.
How does the implementation of DRO differ from spaced-responding DRL?
Do not deliver reinforcer and reset the interval
When implementing space-responding DRL procedure, what happens if the behavior occurs before the interval?
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