What is a main distinction between people who are shy and people who would be described as introverts?

achievement goal

target behavior a person aspires to accomplish or attain

mastery goal

achievement focused on developing competence

performance goal

achievement focused on demonstrating accomplishment to others

need for achievement

motive to engage in and succeed at an entrepreneurial behavior

attribution

self-assessment of one's current performance and future ability to perform in similar situations

stability dimension

explanation of one's performance based upon the reliability of the source

locus dimension

explanation of attribution as being either internal or external to a person

control dimension

degree of perceived regulation a person has over the success or failure of an action

Type A

set of personality traits that prompt a person to be a high achiever

social anxiety

trait dimension indicating the extent people experience anxiety during or before social encounters

evaluation apprehension

strong concern about receiving a negative assessment from others

emotional affectivity

extent to which people typically experience positive and negative feelings

affect intensity

degree to which people typically experience emotion

emotional expressiveness

degree to which people outwardly express their feelings

dispositional optimism

trait indicating how positive or negative a person might be in response to life's challenges

The desire to accomplish some difficult, to master, manipulate, and organize, to overcome obstacles and attain a high standard, and to excel one's self is the definition of _____ motivation.

achievement

(These are parts of the definition of the need for Achievement, or "achievement motivation" as defined by Henry Murray, the psychologist who first codified this need. It is a very wide-ranging definition, and every aspect of it does not apply to every person with a high "nAch.")

Why was the majority of the early work on the need for achievement conducted only on men?

During that time period, the business world was occupied almost entirely by men and opportunities for women were few.

(During the mid-1900s, gender roles prescribed that women had specific roles that were to exist outside of the world of business, where most of the achievement motivation research was taking place. In today's world, that has changed, and research now looks at both women and men in these areas.)

Recently, Martavis has been having difficulty with his finances. He can't get a raise at work and has not found a better, higher-paying position. He rents an apartment and would like to find a home to own, but mortgage interest rates are too high. He and his girlfriend want to get married but they can't afford to do so. Which of the following would represent an uncontrollable attribution that Martavis might make for his situation?

The national economy is just too weak right now.

(A weak national economy is something that would be beyond the control of any one individual, but the other examples demonstrate controllable internal, stable, and controllable attributions, respectively.)

Before it was called a Type A personality pattern, the traits that make up this particular individual style were referred to as a

coronary prone behavior style.

(Because the attributes of a Type A personality, particularly hostility, seem associated with heart disease, these traits were called a coronary prone behavior style. More recent research has found that being Type A in nature is not in and of itself as predictive of heart disease as was once believed.)

Early research into the Type A personality style identified three specific components of this type. They included all but which of the following?

Greater participation in extracurricular activities during childhood and adolescence

(Although this may, in fact, be a finding that is supported by later research, it was not one of the early descriptors of a Type A personality. Those with such a personality were very driven, often impatient, and more likely than others to demonstrate hostile responses across different situations.)

Armand is currently experiencing an increase in his systolic blood pressure (the number that comes first in a BP reading). Research from Guyll and Contrada (1998) suggests that Arman might be a person with _____ trait hostility who is _____ talking to other people.

high; currently

(It appears that those with a Type A personality style find many of their conversations frustrating or annoying, and this reaction can result in higher blood pressure. Another interesting facet of this research is that these responses were not seen as much in women, who may find such conversations more pleasant and less irritating.)

Many researchers, including the author of this textbook, use the terms social anxiety and _____ interchangeably.

shyness

(There is certainly a relationship between social anxiety and social phobia as well as with introversion. However, they do not refer to the same constructions. Panic attacks are too different to be considered in the same conversation. Social anxiety and shyness share many of the same features and are often used synonymously.)

Kimberly is a very shy person who has gone to an obligatory work party. She does not want to be there, and is dismayed the next day to find out that her boss was offended that Kimberly did not seem interested in hearing him talk about his daughter's college graduation. What may have explained Kimberly's lack of attention to this important even for her boss's family?

Kimberly was so focused on her own discomfort that she missed the cues that her boss wanted to talk about his daughter.

(Shy people are sometimes so self-conscious during a social event—so focused on trying to overcome their discomfort—that they miss important cues about what others are feeling. In this example, Kimberly may have simply failed to recognize the social cues that her boss wanted to boast a bit about his son's accomplishment.)

From an evaluation apprehension paradigm, how is social anxiety explained by psychologists?

Those who are very shy are afraid of what other people think of them.

(The fear of negative evaluations or assessments from others—the belief that others will judge in a harsh or pejorative way—can be a cause for shyness. It can also sustain and exacerbate social anxiety, even if it is an unreasonable assumption, and there is no evidence to support it.)

When you think of a mood state, or an emotional feeling, you probably think in terms of it being positive (feels "more good") or negative (feels "more bad"). Emotions theorists refer to this quality of valence as emotional

affectivity.

(Emotional affectivity refers to the fact that emotions are generally categorized as positive or negative. At the same time, it is important to recognize that the context in which an emotion is experienced may affect that perception. If you choose to frighten yourself on a roller coaster or at a scary movie, that fear may have a different feeling than if your home is burglarized.)

Jamilla is currently experiencing an emotion that would be described as "low negative" affect. Which emotion does this describe?

Relaxed

(Relaxed is described in your text as an emotion that is characterized by low negative affect. The other options include low positive effect, high positive affect, and high negative affect.)

Okinaloa is described by his friends as being very "even." They note that he never seems to get terribly excited about things but also doesn't seem to let challenges get him upset or even a little bothered. How might an emotions psychologist describe Okinaloa?

He has a low level of affect intensity.

(Affect intensity refers to the strength or degree to which people typically respond to their own emotions. Okinaloa does not demonstrate strong reactions to emotions, but that would not be adequate evidence to suggest that he does not experience a variety of emotions.)

The personality trait that predicts, with some consistency and accuracy, whether a person is likely to anticipate positive or negative outcomes in his or her life is called

dispositional optimism.

(Dispositional optimism reminds us that being optimistic or pessimistic is best thought of as a continuum where people tend to exist. With that said, however, recognize that people who are generally pessimistic do not always anticipate negative outcomes, nor do those who are optimistic always predict success.)

Dr. Fallbacker is conducting research that examines people's general level of dispositional optimism and pessimism. Based on the textbook discussion of this research, Dr. Fallbacker is most likely to study

participants' reactions to health problems and medical procedures.

(Examining how people respond when they learn of a health problem or have to go through a medical procedure makes up a lot of the research into optimism and pessimism. This is important, as the studies have consistently found more positive outcomes for those who can maintain an optimistic approach to their situation.)

What theory might explain why those higher in dispositional pessimism might be more inclined than those with higher levels of dispositional optimism to use coping strategies such as wishful thinking, self-criticism, and social withdrawal?

These are avoidance strategies, which those who are more pessimistic might use to reduce the likelihood of negative outcomes.

(A person who expects negative or unpleasant outcomes may be more motivated to attempt to avoid those outcomes, while one who expects positive outcomes would be more inclined to work to make them a reality. This may underlie the different coping strategies generally used by those who are higher in dispositional optimism or pessimism.)

achievement goals

Targets people aspire to in achievement situations.

affect intensity

The strength or degree to which people typically experience their emotions.

dispositional optimism

The extent to which a person typically adopts an optimistic or pessimistic approach to dealing with life's challenges.

emotional affectivity

The extent to which people typically experience positive and negative emotions.

emotional expressiveness

The extent to which people outwardly express their emotions.

evaluation apprehension

A strong concern about receiving negative evaluations from others.

need for Achievement

The motive to engage in and succeed at entrepreneurial achievement behavior.

social anxiety

A trait dimension indicating the extent to which people experience anxiety during social encounters or when anticipating social encounters.

The need for Achievement, which speaks to a person's personal need to accomplish, master, and excel, was first identified by psychologist

Henry Murray.

(Murray defined the need for Achievement in 1938 as being related to a need to accomplish, master, manipulate and organize as well as attaining high standards and exceling. His Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) assessed the need for Achievement, among other psychological qualities.)

Barry and Sheldon are required to work together on project at their office, even though they have very different personality styles. If Sheldon would be described as having a type A personality, which behavior should Barry expect to deal with?

Barry should expect Sheldon to try to control the project.

(People with a Type A personality often want to exercise control over people and situations, they are more likely than Type B's to dominate group discussions, and they are less likely to give up control over a task even if someone else can do a better job.)

What is a main distinction between people who are "shy" and people who would be described as "introverts?"

Shy people want a larger network of friends than they have, while introverts are usually comfortable with a smaller social network.

(Many people incorrectly believe that being either shy or introvert is associated with liking or disliking others, and this is far from the case. In fact, both shy and introvert people usually report that they like other people. Shy people wish to have larger groups of social contacts but find it difficult to expand their circle of friends. Introverts are simply comfortable with smaller social circles, but this does not mean that they dislike other people.)

Which term would fall under the dimension of low positive affect on an emotional affectivity scale?

Sluggish

(Sluggish would be described as low positive affect, while excited would demonstrate high positive affectivity. Fearful is high negative affect, while placid demonstrates low negative affectivity.)

When Jamal learns that he got accepted into the college of his choice, he smiles, feels proud of himself, and starts to think about how what he is going to pack to move into the dormitory. His parents have become accustomed to his somewhat muted reactions to important moments. Jamal might be described as having a low level of

affect intensity.

(Affect intensity refers to the strength or degree with which we typically experience and respond to emotions. At one end of this dimension, people respond with relatively mild reactions, and at the other end, people have strong emotional reactions.)

What is the main distinction between people who are shy and people who would be described as introverts quizlet?

How does the difficult child differ from the slow to warm up child in Thomas and Chess's early distinctions of infant temperaments?

How does the difficult child differ from the slow to warm up child?

In what important way does the trait approach differ from most other approaches to personality?