The rules governing proper use of words, phrases, and sentences to convey meaning are called

Inhaltsverzeichnis Show What are the rules that govern how words are used to make phrases and sentences? What is the name for the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences group of answer choices? What is the name for the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences quizlet? What are the 4 rules that govern language? SLA Acronyms A ASL B Bilingual Bilingual Program E EAP EFL ELL ELL Program ESL ESL Program ESP L L1 L2 LEP N NNS NNSE NS NSE T TEFL TESL TESOL TOEFL TOEIC	English Structures Pragmatics Pages: 1, 2, 3 Moodle TESL 551: Crowley   Houts-Smith
	Review and Introduction The sixth and last of the subdivisions of linguistics is pragmatics. We have already learned that phonetics and phonology both deal with the study of speech sounds. Phonetics looks at the speech sounds themselves. Phonology looks at the rules that govern how the sounds combine together. Morphology is the study of how words are formed. Where phonetics and phonology can best be seen as issues of teaching pronunciation in an ESL classroom, morphology is best seen as the issue of teaching vocabulary in an ESL classroom. Syntax looks at how sentences are formed and includes the description of the rules that combine words together into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is typically what is meant when most people say the word grammar, and it forms the bulk of what is traditionally called grammar study. Semantics focuses on the study of meaning in language and looks at words and their relationships to each other, to their referents, and to the users of the language. This lesson focuses on the relationship of language to the context within which it is used: pragmatics. In looking at the relationship of language to the context, we again will look at the users of the language because they are part of the context. We will also look at some of the features of language that convey contextual information, and we will look at how context helps humans communicate more efficiently. Communication Linguistic Paralinguistic Extralinguistic Phonetics Laughing Haptics Phonology Crying Proxemics Morphology Sighing Kinesics Syntax Pausing Facial Expressions Semantics Pragmatics Definitions of Pragmatics The study of language use and its relation to language structure and context of utterance. The study of how meaning is related to context and situation. The study of the effect of context on meaning. Speakers’ and addressees’ background attitudes and beliefs, their understanding of the context of an utterance, and their knowledge of how language can be used for a variety of purposes. The beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge of the world that speakers and listeners assume in communication. The study of how language is used to communicate within its situational context. The branch of linguistics that studies language use, in particular the relationship among syntax, semantics, and interpretation in light of the context of the situation. What these various definitions of pragmatics tell us is that pragmatics deals with meaning and context. They all underscore that users of the language and their attitudes and knowledge matter in determining meaning. Let's look at how this happens more closely. Activity: Mini-Dialogs Compare and contrast the following mini-dialogs. What's the same, what's different, and what does it matter? 1 2 3 A: Don’t do that! B: What? A: I said not to do that. B: Oh, I couldn’t hear you. A: Don’t do that! B: What? A: Tap your fingers on the desk. I can’t stand it any more. B: Sorry. A: Don’t do that! B: What? A: You’ll shoot your eye out! B: No, I won’t. I know what I’m doing. Explanation of Dialogs What we learn from this activity is that the context really does help users of a language understand what is being communicated through language. There are also certain words in language, such as that, whose job it is to connect the language to the context. When speakers understand the different contexts within which a certain language form is used, they know that its meaning changes. Often polysemy comes from words having diffferent but related meanings in different contexts. Activity: Different Meanings, Different Contexts Consider each of these statements. Identify the meaning of the word go in each, and identify the context within which the statement would be made. Go ahead and take another cookie. Go to a movie tonight. Go left on Wall Street. Go as slowly as you can. Go in peace. Go! Go! Go! Explanations If the same forms can have different meanings in different contexts, and if the relationships between words and their meanings is arbitrary, and if the referents of words are images in people's heads, not things in the real world, How is it that people ever know what another person means? The Negotiation of Meaning Essentially, what happens is that we negotiate meaning with each other as we construct our conversations. Part of a native speaker's proficiency in the language comes as they develop their pragmatic abilities. Proficiecy in pragamatics often comes late, in one's young adult years. That is, the ability to relate the language forms to the context, to understand that each person's mental images are unique, and to use language to negotiate the difference between others, their mental images, and one's own images are the particular abilities of a langauge user who is proficient in the pragmatics of the language. The pragmatically proficient language user knows what others assume he knows, what he actually knows, and how to work out any errors in assumptions. H. P. Grice’s Cooperative Principle of Conversation outlines what speakers assume in their dealings with each other. The Cooperative Principle Grice developed 4 Maxims that he claimed govern our conversations with each other: Relation –Make your utterance relevant to the context, including prior utterances. Quality – Make your contribution to the discourse true. Quantity – Make your contribution no longer or shorter than necessary. Manner – Avoid ambiguity and obscurity, be brief and orderly. An Illustration of the Cooperative Principle Joe College: Do you want to go to a movie? Jill College: I have to study. Did Jill answer Joe’s question? First, search for relevance: how can the statement I have to study be relevant to going to a movie? It means, “No, I don’t want to go to a movie because I have to do something else during that time period.” We can see the maxims of quantityand brief manner coming in to play, too: The full meaning, “I want to go to the movie with you, but I am unable to because of previous commitments, specifically the requirement that I prepare for my classes, which is an obligation on me with long-term effects for my career and relationships with my parents who are paying for my tuition,” is much longer than the response given. As for the qualityof the statement, it can be assumed that a college student is being truthful when saying that it is necessary to study. There is not much chance of ambiguity – study has few variant meanings other than its main meaning of “prepare for academic classes.” But, maybe not! Maybe the assumption that Jill is telling the truth is wrong. What does her response to Joe mean then? Perhaps Jill simply doesn’t like Joe and lies to avoid spending time with him. Perhaps the statement should be intrepeted as: The full meaning, “I do not want to go to the movie with you because I personally don't like you and do not wish to go out with you. I would rather spend my time alone with my books than to be in your company, although I may get desparate enough in the future to accept a date with you just for the free movie and meal,” is much longer than the response given. The study message will be interpreted as no, but won’t hurt Joe’s feelings. So there is truth (no), and there is no more than necessary (all you need is no, I don’t need to say I don’t like you). Of course, this leaves Jill open to future invitations from Joe.   Continue with Part 2
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American Sign Language The sign language used by the deaf community in the United States.

Test of English for International Communication. A standardized exam for Educational Testing Services that is intended to determine the general capability of an NNSE to use English to conduct business. It is used by some businesses, predominantly in Asia, in hiring.

Test of English as a Foreign Language. A standardized exam from Educational Testing Services that is intended to determine the general capability of an NNSE to use English as the language of insruction .It is used as an admissions requirement by most US universities and colleges for international students.

Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages. A term that encompasses both TEFL and TESL. It is the name of the professional organization to which many teachers belong. TESOL the organization has many regional affiliates both in the US and abroad.

Teaching English as Second Language. Refers to the activity of teaching the English language as a tool necessary for some daily task like instruction, shopping, or interpersonal interactions.

Teaching English as a Foreign Language. Refers to the activity of teaching the English language as an intellectual, academic pursuit to non-native speakers of English.

Native Speaker of English. Refers to a person who acquired English in infancy and young childhood as a first language.

Native Speaker. Refers to a person whose relationship to a language is that it was encountered in infancy and young childhood as the dominant language of the environment.

Non-Native Speaker of English. Refers to a person who didn't acquire English as a first language, but came to it after another language was established.

Non-Native Speaker. Refers to a person whose relationship to a particular language is that he/she didn't encounter it while initially acquiring language, but came to it after another language was established.

Limited English Proficient. An adjectival phrase used to refer to the same students as ELL refers to. LEP is falling into disuse as it focuses attention on student deficiency rather than on the positive attribute of learning. Is being replaced by ELL.

Second Language. Refers to any language gained subsequent to the first or native language. It is acquired or learned secondarily to the native language. Doesn't refer to the ordinal numbering of languages, only to the relationship of a particular language to a persons native language.

First Language. Refers to the language that an individual encounters as an infant and young child; a persons native language.

English for Specific Purposes. Refers to the goal of learning English to use it for highly focused activity, such as for business or for aviation communication.

English as a Second Language Program. refers to a school program that is purposefully structured to provide instruction on the English language to NNSEs. An ESL program does not typically include instruction in any other subjects than English. An ESL program may be a component of a larger ELL program at a school.

English as a Second Language. Refers to the subject matter of the English language and the methodology for teaching the English language to non-native speakers. ESL makes no reference to the subjects other than English, but it is not methodology alone either, it refers to teaching the English language as content area. Typically, ESL refers to the study of English in a country where it is used for at least one daily task, such as instruction, interpersonal relations, or shopping.

English Langauge Learner Program. Refers to a school program that is purposly structured to provide instruction on the English language and instruction in other content areas to English Language Learners.

English Language Learner. Refers to students who are in the process of learning English, whether they are in ESL classes exclusively or a combination of ESL classes and other subject area classes.

English as a Foreign Langauge. Refers to the study of English as an intellectual, academic pursuit, not a a language whose use is necessary or desirable for daily life, although it may be used as a research tool. Typically, EFL is the study of English in a country where English is not a language of instruction or daily interactions, such as in Italy or in Saudi Arabia.

English for Academic Purposes. Refers to the goal of learning English to use it as the language of instruction for other subject areas.

Refers to a school program that is purposely structured so that students will use two languages on a daily basis.

Refers to the use of two languages in any capacity on a daily basis. A bilingual person uses two languages on a daily basis--for work and at home, perhaps, or for different subjects at school. Can also refer to the ability to use two languages, even if not used daily.

What are the rules that govern how words are used to make phrases and sentences?

What is the name for the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences group of answer choices?

What is the name for the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences quizlet?

What are the 4 rules that govern language?