Many tensions in republican and imperial rome were related to landownership and land distribution.

References

Brennan, Terry Corey. 2015. ‘Toward a Comparative Understanding of the Executive Decision-Making Process in China and Rome.’ In Scheidel, Walter, ed., State Power in Ancient China and Rome, 3955. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Davies, Glenys. 2010. ‘Togate Statues and Petrified Orators.’ In Berry, Dominic H. and Erskine, Andrew, eds., Form and Function in Roman Oratory, 5172. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Giele, Enno. 2006. Imperial Decision-Making and Communication in Early China. A Study of Cai Yong’s Duduan. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar

Hanshu 漢書. 1962. Comp. Ban, Gu 班固 (32–92 ce). 100 juan (12 vols.). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar

Hiebel, Dominique. 2009. Rôles institutionnel et politique de la contio sous la République romaine (287–49 av. J.-C.). Paris: De Boccard.Google Scholar

Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim. 1995. ‘Oratoris maxima scaena. Reden vor dem Volk in der politischen Kultur der Republik.’ In Jehne, Martin, ed., Demokratie in Rom? Die Rolle des Volkes in der Politik der römischen Republik, 1149. Stuttgart: F. Steiner.Google Scholar

Huzar, Eleanor. 1984. ‘Claudius: The Erudite Emperor.’ Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung II 32, no. 1: 611650.Google Scholar

Jehne, Martin. 2006. ‘Who Attended Roman Assemblies? Some Remarks on Political Participation in the Roman Republic.’ In Simón, Francisco Marco, Pina Polo, Francisco, Rodríguez, José Remesal, eds., Repúblicas y ciudadanos: Modelos de participación cívica en el mundo antiguo, 221234. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona.Google Scholar

Kern, Martin. 2000. The Stele Inscriptions of Ch’in Shih-huang: Text and Ritual in Early Chinese Imperial Representation. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society.Google Scholar

Laser, Günter. 1997. Populo et scaenae serviendum est: Die Bedeutung der städtischen Masse in der späten römischen Republik. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier.Google Scholar

Liu, Tseng-kuei. 2015. ‘Calendrical Computation Numbers and Han Dynasty Politics: A Study of Gu Yong’s Three Troubles Theory.’ In Nylan, Michael and Vankeerberghen, Griet, eds., Chang’an 26 bce: An Augustan Age in China, 296302. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar

Lloyd, Geoffrey. 2010. ‘The Techniques of Persuasion and the Rhetoric of Disorder in Late Zhanguo and Western Han Texts.’ In Nylan, Michael and Loewe, Michael, eds., China’s Early Empires: A Re-appraisal, 451460. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Loewe, Michael. 2006. The Government of the Qin and Han Empires, 221 bce – 220 ce. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.Google Scholar

Morstein-Marx, Robert. 2004. Mass Oratory and Political Power in the Late Roman Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mouritsen, Henrik. 2001. Plebs and Politics in the Late Roman Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Olberding, Garret P. S., ed. 2013. Facing the Monarch: Modes of Advice in the Early Chinese Court. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Olberding, Garret P. S., 2012. Dubious Facts: The Evidence of Early Chinese Historiography. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Pines, Yuri. 2013. ‘From Teachers to Subjects: Ministers Speaking to the Rulers, From Yan Ying 晏嬰 to Li Si 李斯.’ In Olberding, Garret P. S., ed., Facing the Monarch, 87118. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Pines, Yuri. 2009. Envisioning Eternal Empire: Chinese Political Thought of the Warring States Era. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.Google Scholar

Pina Polo, Francisco. 2012. ‘Contio, auctoritas and freedom of speech in Republican Rome.’ In Benoist, Stéphane, ed., Rome, a City and Its Empire in Perspective: The Impact of the Roman World through Fergus Millar’s Research, 4558. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

Pina Polo, Francisco. 2011. ‘Public Speaking at Rome: A question of auctoritas.’ In Peachin, Michael, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World, 286303. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Pina Polo, Francisco. 1996. Contra arma verbis: Der Redner vor dem Volk in der späten römischen Republik. Stuttgart: F. Steiner.Google Scholar

Pina Polo, Francisco. 1995. ‘Procedures and Functions of Civil and Military Contiones in Rome.’ Klio 77: 203216.Google Scholar

Pina Polo, Francisco. 1989. Las contiones civiles y militares en Roma. Zaragoza: Departamento de Ciencias de la Antigüedad, Universidad de Zaragoza.Google Scholar

Pina Polo, Francisco. 1988. ‘La representación de contiones militares en monedas y monumentos romanos.’ Boletín del Museo de Zaragoza 7: 91132.Google Scholar

Rosillo-López, Cristina. 2017a. Public Opinion and Politics in the Late Roman Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rosillo-López, Cristina. 2017b. ‘The Role and Influence of the Audience (Corona) in Trials in the Late Roman Republic.’ Athenaeum 105: 106119.Google Scholar

Sanft, Charles. 2014. Communication and Cooperation in Early Imperial China. Publicizing the Qin Dynasty. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Scarpat, Giuseppe. 1964. Parrhesia: Storia del termine e delle sue traduzioni in Latino. Brescia: Paideia.Google Scholar

Shiji 史記. 1959. Comp. Sima, Qian 司馬遷 (145?–86? bce) et al. 130 juan (12 vols.) Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar

Sluiter, Ineke, and Rosen, Ralph Mark. 2004. Free Speech in Classical Antiquity. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Strack, Paul L. 1931. Untersuchungen zur römischen Reichsprägung des zweiten Jahrhunderts, I: Die Reichsprägung zur Zeit des Hadrian. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer.Google Scholar

Stroux, Johannes. 1929. Eine Gerichtsreform des Kaisers Claudius (bgu 611). Munich: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew. 1982. ‘Civilis Princeps: Between Citizen and King.’ Journal of Roman Studies 72: 3248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Watson, Burton, trans. 1993. Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty II. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Yakobson, Alexander. 2014. ‘The First Emperors: Image and Memory.’ In Pines, Yuri, von Falkenhausen, Lothar, Shelach, Gideon and Yates, Robin D. S., eds., Birth of an Empire: The State of Qin Revisited, 280300. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Yakobson, Alexander. 2012. ‘Political Rhetoric in China and in Imperial Rome: The Persuader, the Ruler, the Audience.’ Extrême-Orient, Extrême-Occident 34: 195204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alford, William P. 1997. “Law, Law, What Law? Why Western Scholars of Chinese History and Society Have Not Had More to Say about Its Law.” Modern China 23, no. 4: 398419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arjava, Antti. 1996. Women and Law in Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Balazs, Étienne, trans. 1954. Le Traité juridique du “Souei-chou.” Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

Barbieri-Low, Anthony J., and Yates, Robin D. S.. 2015. Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China: A Study with Critical Translation of the Legal Texts from Zhangjiashan Tomb no. 247. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Birge, Bettine. 2003. “Women and Confucianism from Song to Ming: The Institutionalization of Patrilineality.” In Smith, Paul Jacov and von Glahn, Richard, eds., The Song-Yuan-Ming Transition in Chinese History, 212240. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Changsha Dongpailou Dong-Han jiandu 長沙東牌樓東漢簡牘. 2006. Edited by Changsha shi wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 長沙市文物考古研究所 and Zhongguo wenwu yanjiusuo 中國文物研究所. Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 2006.Google Scholar

Changsha Wuyi guangchang Dong-Han jiandu xuanshi 長沙五一廣場東漢簡牘選釋. 2015. Edited by Changsha shi wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 長沙市文物考古研究所, Qinghua daxue chutu wenxian yanjiu yu baohu zhongxin 清華大學出土文獻研究與保護中心, Zhongguo wenhua yichan yanjiuyuan 中國文化遺產研究院, and Hunan daxue Yuelu shuyuan 湖南大學岳麓書院. Shanghai: Zhongxi shuju.Google Scholar

Chen, Songchang 陳松長. 2009a. “Yuelu shuyuan cang Qin jian zhong de junming kaolüe” 嶽麓書院藏秦簡中的郡名考略. Hunan daxue xuebao (shehui kexue ban) 湖南大學學報 (社會科學版) 2009, no. 2: 510.Google Scholar

Chen, Songchang 2009b. “Yuelu shuyuan suocang Qin jian zongshu” 嶽麓書院所藏秦簡綜述. Wenwu 文物, no. 3: 7588.Google Scholar

Chen, Wei 陳偉, chief ed. 2012. Liye Qin jiandu jiaoshi (diyi juan) 里耶秦簡牘校釋 (第一卷). Wuhan: Wuhan daxue chubanshe.Google Scholar

Chen, Zhiguo 陳治國. 2006. “Liye Qin jian ‘Shou’ he ‘Shoucheng’ shiyi ji qi ta” 里耶秦簡‘守’和‘守丞’釋義及其他. Zhongguo lishi wenwu 中國歷史文物, no. 3: 5560.Google Scholar

Ding, Bangyou 丁邦友 and Wei, Xiaoming 魏曉明, eds. 2016. Qin Han wujia shiliao huishi 秦漢物價史料匯釋. Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe.Google Scholar

Duyvendak, J. J. L. 1960 (1928). The Book of Lord Shang: A Classic of the School of Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Ernian lüling yu Zouyan shu: Zhangjiashan ersiqi hao Han mu chutu falü wenxian shidu 二年律令與奏讞書: 張家山二四七號漢墓出土法律文獻釋讀. 2007. Edited by Peng, Hao 彭浩, Chen, Wei 陳偉, Kudō, Motoo 工藤元男, and Waseda daigaku Chōkō ryūiki bunka kenkyūjo 早稲田大学長江流域文化研究, Jingzhou bowuguan 荊州博物館, and Wuhan daxue jianbo yanjiu zhongxin 武漢大學簡帛研究中心. Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe.Google Scholar

Fantham, Elaine. 2011. “Stuprum: Public Attitudes and Penalties for Sexual Offences in Republican Rome.” In Roman Readings: Roman Response to Greek Literature from Plautus to Statius and Quintilian, 115143. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gao, Kai 高凱. 2003. “Cong Zoumalou Wu jian kan Sun Wu shiqi Changsha jun de renkou xingbili wenti” 從走馬樓吳簡看孫吳時期長沙郡的人口性比例問題. Shixue yuekan 史學月刊, no. 8: 2529.Google Scholar

Gao, Kai 2014. “Cong Juyan Han jian kan Han dai de ‘nühu’ wenti” 從居延漢簡看漢代的 “女戶”問題. Reprint in Han Wei shi tanwei 漢魏史探微, 111128. Zhengzhou: Daxiang chubanshe.Google Scholar

Gardner, Jane F. 1986. Women in Roman Law and Society. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldin, Paul R. 2012. “Han Law and the Regulation of Interpersonal Relations: ‘The Confucianization of the Law’ Revisited.” Asia Major, 3rd ser., 25, no. 1: 131.Google Scholar

Grubbs, Judith Evans. 2002. Women and the Law in the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook on Marriage, Divorce and Widowhood. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grubbs, Judith Evans. 1999. Law and the Family in Late Antiquity: The Emperor Constantine’s Marriage Legislation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Gu, Lihua 顧麗華. 2012. Han dai funü shenghuo qingtai 漢代婦女生活情態. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe.Google Scholar

Hansen, Valerie. 1995. Negotiating Daily Life in Traditional China: How Ordinary People Used Contracts 600–1400. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Hinsch, Bret. 2002. Women in Early Imperial China. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar

Hsu, Cho-yun. 1965. Ancient China in Transition: An Analysis of Social Mobility, 722–222 bc. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Hulsewé, A. F. P. 1985. Remnants of Ch’in Law: An Annotated Translation of the Ch’in Legal and Administrative Rules of the 3rd Century bc Discovered in Yün-meng Prefecture, Hu-pei Province, in 1975. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

Hulsewé, A. F. P. 1955. Remnants of Han Law, Vol. 1: Introductory Studies and Annotated Translation of Chapters 22 and 23 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

Hunan Changsha Wuyi guangchang Dong-Han jiandu fajue jianbao” 湖南長沙五一廣場東漢簡牘發掘簡報. 2013. Edited by Changsha shi wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 長沙市文物考古研究所. Wenwu 文物, no. 6: 425.Google Scholar

Hunan Longshan Liye Zhanguo: Qin dai gucheng yihao jing fajue jianbao” 湖南龍山里耶戰國: 秦代古城一號井發掘簡報. 2003. Hunan sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiu suo 湖南省文物考古研究所, Xiangxi Tujia zu Miao zu zizhi zhou wenwu chu 湘西土家族苗族自治州文物處, and Longshan xian wenwu guanli suo 龍山縣文物管理所. Wenwu 文物, no. 1: 435.Google Scholar

Im, Pyŏngtŏk (Lin, Bingde) 林炳德. 2012. “Qin Han lü de nüxing” 秦漢律的女性. In Li, Mingzhao 黎明釗, ed., Han diguo de zhidu yu shehui zhixu 漢帝國的制度與社會秩序, 341364. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Jia, Liying 賈麗英. 2010. Qin Han jiazu fanzui yanjiu 秦漢家族犯罪研究. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar

Jinshu 晉書. 1974. Fang, Xuanling 房玄齡 (579–648) et al., ed. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar

Johnson, Wallace, trans. 1979 & 1997. The T’ang Code. 2 vols: I: General Principles and II: Specific Articles. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Kern, Martin. 2003. “Fenshu kengru (Burning the Books and Executing the Ru Scholars).” In Yao, Xinzhong, ed., The Encyclopedia of Confucianism, 213214. London: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar

Korolkov, Maxim. 2015. “Convict Labor in the Qin Empire: A Preliminary Study of the ‘Registers of Convict Laborers’ from Liye.” In Fudan daxue lishixi 復旦大學歷史系 and Fudan daxue chutu wenxian yu guwenzi yanjiu zhongxin 復旦大學出土文獻與古文字研究中心, eds., Jianbo wenxian yu gudai shi: Dierjie chutu wenxian qingnian xuezhe guoji luntan lunwen ji 簡帛文獻與古代史: 第二屆出土文獻青年學者國際論壇論文集, 132156. Shanghai: Zhongxi shuju.Google Scholar

Kuefler, Mathew. 2007. “The Marriage Revolution in Late Antiquity: The Theodosian Code and Later Roman Marriage.” Journal of Family History 32, no. 4: 343370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lau, Ulrich, and Staack, Thies. 2016. Legal Practice in the Formative Stages of the Chinese Empire: An Annotated Translation of the Exemplary Qin Criminal Cases from the Yuelu Academy Collection. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Li, Mingzhao 黎明釗 and Ma, Zengrong 馬增榮. 2010. “Shilun Liye Qin du yu Qin dai wenshuxue de jige wenti” 試論里耶秦牘與秦代文書學的幾個問題. Jianbo 簡帛, no. 5: 5576.Google Scholar

Ling, Wenchao 凌文超. 2012. “Han chu juezhi jiegou de yanbian yu guan, minjue de xingcheng” 漢初爵制結構的演變與官、民爵的形成. Zhongguo shi yanjiu 中國史研究, no. 1: 3345.Google Scholar

Liu, Lexian 劉樂賢. 1993. Shuihudi Qin jian rishu yanjiu 睡虎地秦簡日書研究. Taipei: Wenjin chubanshe.Google Scholar

Liu, Min 劉敏. 2009. “Qin Han shiqi de ‘si minjue’ ji ‘xiaojue’” 秦漢時期的“賜民爵”及“小爵”. Shixue yuekan 史學月刊, no. 11: 98107.Google Scholar

Liye fajue baogao 里耶發掘報告. 2006. Edited by Hunan sheng wenwu kaogusuo 湖南省文物考古研究所. Changsha: Yuelu shushe.Google Scholar

Liye Qin jian bowuguan cang Qin jian 里耶秦簡博物館藏秦簡. 2016. Edited by Liye Qin jian bowuguan 里耶秦簡博物館 and Chutu wenxian yu Zhongguo gudai wenming yanjiu xietong chuangxin zhongxin Zhongguo Renmin daxue zhongxin 出土文獻與中國古代文明研究協同創新中心中國人民大學中心. Shanghai: Zhongxi shuju.Google Scholar

Liye Qin jian (yi) 里耶秦簡(壹). 2012. Edited by Hunan sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 湖南省文物考古研究所. Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.Google Scholar

Loewe, Michael. 2016. Problems of Han Administration: Ancestral Rites, Weights and Measures, and the Means of Protest. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Loewe, Michael. 1967. Records of Han Administration. Volume 1: Historical Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Loewe, Michael. 1960. “The Orders of Aristocratic Rank of Han China.” T’oung Pao, 2nd ser., 48, nos. 1–3: 97174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Looper-Friedman, Susan. 1987. “The Decline of Manus-marriage in Rome.” Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 55: 281296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McKnight, Brian E. 1992. Law and Order in Sung China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McKnight, Brian E. 1981. Washing Away of Wrongs: Forensic Medicine in Thirteenth-Century China, The Hsi Yuan chi lu of Sung Tz’u. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.Google Scholar

McKnight, Brian E., and Liu, James T. C.. 1999. The Enlightened Judgments: Ch’ing-ming Chi: The Sung Collection. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Negri, Carolina. 2000–2001. “Marriage in the Heian period (794–1185): The Importance of Comparison with Literary Texts.” Annali (Istituto Universitario Orientale), nos. 60–61: 467493.Google Scholar

Niida, Noboru 仁井田陞. 2005. Chūgoku hōseishi 中國法制史. Tokyo: Iwanami shōten.Google Scholar

Nylan, Michael. 2010. “Administration of the Family (Qihuai bisi).” In Nylan, Michael and Loewe, Michael, eds., China’s Early Empires: A Re-appraisal, 266295. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Nylan, Michael. 2005–2006. “Notes on a Case of Illicit Sex from Zhangjiashan: A Translation and Commentary.” Early China, no. 30: 2545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ōba, Osamu 大庭脩. 1982. Shin Kan hōseishi no kenkyū 秦漢法制史の硏究. Tokyo: Sōbunsha.Google Scholar

Peng, Tao 彭濤. 2015. “Shilun Han chu Liu Bang shiqi de jungong juezhi: Yi Shi ji Han shu de jizai wei zhuyao yiju” 試論漢初劉邦時期的軍功爵制: 以《史記》《漢書》的記載為主要依據. Qingchun suiyue 青春歲月, no. 2: 234235.Google Scholar

Peng, Wei 彭衛. 2010. Han dai hunyin xingtai 漢代婚姻型態. Beijing: Zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe.Google Scholar

Peng, Wei 彭衛 and Yang, Zhenhong 楊振紅. 2010. Zhongguo funü tongshi: Qin Han juan 中國婦女通史: 秦漢卷. Hangzhou: Hangzhou chubanshe.Google Scholar

Rowlandson, Jane, ed. 1998. Women and Society in Greek and Roman Egypt: A Sourcebook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Sasaki, Mitsuzane 佐佐木滿實. 2015. “Han dai hunyin xingtai xiaokao: Guanyu Ernian lüling suojian ‘xiaqi,’ ‘pianqi’” 漢代婚姻形態小考: 關於《二年律令》 所見“下妻”、“偏妻”. In Fudan daxue lishixi 復旦大學歷史系 and Fudan daxue chutu wenxian yu guwenzi yanjiu zhongxin 復旦大學出土文獻與古文字研究中心, eds., Jianbo wenxian yu gudai shi: Dierjie chutu wenxian qingnian xuezhe guoji luntan lunwen ji 簡帛文獻與古代史: 第二屆出土文獻青年學者國際論壇論文集, 157164. Shanghai: Zhongxi shuju.Google Scholar

ScoginHugh T. Jr. 1990. “Between Heaven and Man: Contract and the State in Han Dynasty China.” Southern California Law Review 63, no. 5: 13251404.Google Scholar

Shuihudi Qin mu zhujian 睡虎地秦墓竹簡. 1990/2001. Edited by Shuihudi Qin mu zhujian zhengli xiaozu 睡虎地秦墓竹簡整理小組. Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.Google Scholar

Suishu 隋書. Wei, Zheng 魏徵 et al. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1973.Google Scholar

Sun, Wenbo 孫聞博. 2012. “Liye Qin jian ‘Shou’, ‘Shoucheng’ xinkao: Jian tan Qin Han de shouguan zhidu” 里耶秦簡“守”和“守丞”新考: 兼談秦漢的守官制度, Jianbo yanjiu 簡帛研究 2010: 6675.Google Scholar

Thatcher, Melvin P. 1991. “Marriages of the Ruling Elite in the Spring and Autumn Period.” In Watson, Rubie S. and Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, eds., Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society, 2557. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tomiya, Itaru 冨谷至. 2014. “The Conception of Fornication: From the Han Code to the Tang Code.” Zhongguo gudai falü wenxian yanjiu 中國古代法律文獻研究, no. 8: 130140.Google Scholar

Tomiya, Itaru ed. 2006. Kōryō Chōkasan nihyakuyonjūnana-gō bo shutsudo Kan ritsuryō no kenkyū 江陵張家山二四七號墓出土漢律令の研究. 2 vols. KyotoHōyū shoten.Google Scholar

Treggiari, S. M. 1991. Roman Marriage: Iusti Coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Vandorpe, K., and Waebens, S.. 2010. “Women and Gender in Roman Egypt: The Impact of Roman Rule.” In Lembke, Katja, Minas-Nerpel, Martina, and Pfeiffer, Stefan, eds., Tradition and Transformation: Egypt under Roman Rule: Proceedings of the International Conference, Hildesheim, Roemer- and Pelizaeus-Museum, 3–6 July 2008, 415436. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

Wang, Aiqing 王愛清. 2013. “Qin Han jiceng dengji shenfen zhixu de queli yu bianqian: Yi si minjue wei zhongxin” 秦漢基層等級身份秩序的確立與變遷: 以賜民爵為中心. Lanzhou xuekan 蘭州學刊, no. 10: 156161.Google Scholar

Wang, Zijin 王子今. 2003a. “‘Pianqi’ ‘xiaqi’ kao” “偏妻” “下妻”考. Huaxue 華學, no. 6: 147154.Google Scholar

Wang, Zijin 2003b. Shuihudi Qin jian Rishu jiazhong shuzheng 睡虎地秦簡《日書》甲種疏證. Wuhan: Hubei jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar

Wu, Xiaolong 吳小龍. 2000. Qin jian rishu jishi 秦簡日書集釋. Changsha: Yuelu shushe.Google Scholar

Yang, Lien-sheng. 1957. “The Concept of pao as a Basis of Social Relations in China.” In Fairbank, John K., ed., Chinese Thought and Institutions, 291309. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Yang, Yuping 楊玉萍. 2012. “Han dai ershi deng juezhi yu guojia zhixu de goujian 漢代二十等爵制與國家秩序的構建. Xingtai xueyuan xuebao 邢泰學院學報 27, no. 4: 5051, 54.Google Scholar

Yates, Robin D. S. 2013. “The Changing Status of Slaves in the Qin-Han Transition.” In Pines, Yuri, Shelach, Gideon, von Falkenhausen, Lothar, and Yates, Robin D. S., eds., Birth of an Empire: The State of Qin Revisited, 206223. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Yates, Robin D. S. 2002. “Slavery in Early China: A Socio-cultural Perspective.” Journal of East Asian Archaeology, nos. 3.1–2: 283331.Google Scholar

Yates, Robin D. S. 1987. “Social Status in the Ch’in: Evidence from the Yün-meng Legal Documents. Part One: Commoners.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 47, no. 1: 197236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yuelu shuyuan cang Qin jian 嶽麓書院藏秦簡, Vol. 3. 2013. Edited by Zhu, Hanmin 朱漢民 and Chen, Songchang. Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe.Google Scholar

Yuelu shuyuan cang Qin jian 嶽麓書院藏秦簡, Vol. 4. 2016. Edited by Chen, Songchang 陳松長, et al. Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe.Google Scholar

Yuelu shuyuan cang Qin jian 嶽麓書院藏秦簡, Vol. 5. 2017. Edited by Chen, Songchang 陳松長, et al. Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe.Google Scholar

Zhang, Boyuan 張伯元. 2014. “Yuelu jian (san) de neirong ji falü shi jiazhi” 《岳麓简 (三)》的内容及法律史价值. Huadong zhengfa daxue xuebao 華東政法大學學報, no. 2: 411.Google Scholar

Zhang, Cheng 張誠. 2016. “Liang Han junshi shangci mudi yanjiu” 兩漢軍事賞賜目的研究. Qiusuo 求索, no. 2: 3135.Google Scholar

Zhang, Chunlong 張春龍. 2009. “Liye Qin jian suojian de huji he renkou guanli” 里耶秦簡所見的戶籍和人口管理. In Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan kaogu yanjiusuo 中國社會科學院考古研究所 and Hunan Sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 湖南省文物考古研究所, eds., Liye gucheng, Qin jian yu Qin wenhua yanjiu: Zhongguo Liye gucheng, Qin jian yu Qin wenhua guoji xueshu yantaohui lunwen ji 里耶古城・秦簡與秦文化研究: 中國里耶古城・秦簡與秦文化國際學術研討會論文集, 191194. Beijing: Kexue chubanshe.Google Scholar

Zhang, Gong 張功. 2006. Qin Han taowang fanzui yanjiu 秦漢逃亡犯罪研究. Wuhan: Hubei renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar

Zhangjiashan Han mu zhujian (Ersiqi hao mu) 張家山漢墓竹簡 (二四七號墓). 2001. Edited by Zhangjiashan ersiqi hao Han mu zhujian zhengli xiaozu 張家山二四七號漢墓竹簡整理小組. Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.Google Scholar

Zhangjiashan Han mu zhujian [Ersiqi hao mu] (shiwen xiuding ben) 張家山漢墓竹簡[二四七號墓] (釋文修訂本). 2006. Edited by Zhangjiashan ersiqi hao Han mu zhujian zhengli xiaozu 張家山二四七號漢墓竹簡整理小組. Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.Google Scholar

Zheng, Shubin 鄭曙斌, Zhang, Chunlong, Song, Shaohua 宋少華, and Huang, Puhua 黄樸華, eds. 2013. Hunan chutu jiandu xuanbian 湖南出土簡牘選編 Changsha: Yuelu shushe.Google Scholar

Zhu, Honglin 朱紅林. 2005. Zhangjiashan Han jian Ernian lüling jishi 張家山漢簡二年律令集釋. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe.Google Scholar

Zhu, Shaohou 朱紹侯. 2012. “Cong Juyan Han jian kan Han dai minjue baji de zhengzhi diwei” 從居延漢簡看漢代民爵八級的政治地位. Nandu xuetan 南都學壇 32, no. 4: 19.Google Scholar

Zhu, Shaohou 2008. Jungong juezhi kaolun 軍功爵制考論. Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan.Google Scholar

Zhuang, Xiaoxia 莊小霞. 2013. “Han dai funü yu fenjia xichan” 漢代婦女與分家析產. In Pu, Muzhou 蒲慕州, ed., Lifa yu xinyang: Zhongguo gudai nüxing yanjiu lunkao 禮法與信仰: 中國古代女性研究論考, 7592. Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan.Google Scholar

Anderson, Greg. 2003. The Athenian Experiment: Building an Imagined Political Community in Ancient Attica, 508–490 bc. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bagnall, Roger S., and Frier, Bruce W.. 2006. The Demography of Roman Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Barbieri-Low, Anthony, and Yates, Robin D. S.. 2015. Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China: A Study with Critical Edition and Translation of the Legal Texts from Zhangjiashan Tomb. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beck, Hans. ed., 2013a. A Companion to Ancient Greek Government. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beck, Hans. 2005. Karriere und Hierarchie: Die römische Aristokratie und die Anfänge des cursus honorum in der mittleren Republik. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bielenstein, Hans. 1980. The Bureaucracy of Han Times. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bodde, Derk. 1975. Festivals in Classical China: New Year and other Annual Observances during the Han Dynasty, 206 bcad 220. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Chang, Chun-Shu. 2007. The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Nation, State, and Imperialism in Early China, ca. 1600 bc to ad 8. Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press.Google Scholar

Cordano, Federica. 1992. Le tessere pubbliche dal tempio di Atena a Camarina. Studi pubblicati dall’Istituto Italiano per la Storia Antica. Rome: Istituto Italiano per la Storia Antica.Google Scholar

Cornell, Tim J. 2000. “The Lex Ovinia and the Emancipation of the senate.” In Bruun, Christer, ed., The Roman Middle Republic. Politics, Religion, and Historiography, c. 400 to 133 bc, 6989. Rome: Institutim Romanum Finlandiae.Google Scholar

Cornell, Tim J. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 bc). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Faraguna, Michele 2015. “Citizen Registers in Archaic Greece: The Evidence Reconsidered.” In Matthaiou, A. and Papazarkadas, N., eds., Axon: Studies in Honor of Ronald Stroud, Vol 2., 649677. Athens: Hellēnikē Epigraphikē Hetaireia.Google Scholar

Feyel, Christophe. 2009. ΔΟΚΙΜΑΣΙΑ: La place et le rôle de l’examen préliminaire dans les institutions des cités grecques. Nancy, France: Association pour la Diffusion de la Recherche sur l’Antiquité.Google Scholar

Friedrich, Markus. 2013. Die Geburt des Archivs: Eine Wissensgeschichte. Munich: Oldenbourg.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fröhlich, Pierre. 2013. “Governmental Checks and Balances.” In Beck, 2013a, 252–266.Google Scholar

Gagarin, Michael. 2013. “Laws and Legislation in Ancient Greece.” In Beck, 2013a, 219–234.Google Scholar

Grote, Oliver. 2016. Die griechischen Phylen: Funktion, Entstehung, Leistung. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar

Habicht, Christian. 1997. Athens from Alexander to Antony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Hanguan dianzhi yizhi xuanyong 漢官典職儀式選用. 1990. Compiled by Cai, Zhi 蔡質 (2nd c. ce). 1 juan. In Hanguan liu zhong 漢官六種. Collated by Sun, Xingyan 孫星衍 (1753–1818 ce), collated and punctuated by Zhou, Tianyou 周天遊. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar

Hin, Saskia. 2013. The Demography of Roman Italy: Population Dynamics in an Ancient Conquest Society, 201 bce–14 ce. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim. 1999. Schiedsrichter, Gesetzgeber und Gesetzgebung im archaischen Griechenland. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar

Hsing, I-tien. 2014. “Qin–Han Census and Tax and Corvée Administration: Notes on Newly Discovered Materials. Translated by Hsieh Mei-yu and William G. Crowell. In Pines, Yuri, von Falkenhausen, Lothar, Shelach, Gideon, and Yates, Robin D.S., eds., Birth of an Empire: The State of Qin Revisited, 155186. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Hui, Victoria Tin-bor. 2005. War and State Formation in Ancient China and Early Modern Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jehne, Martin. 2001. “Integrationsrituale in der römischen Republik: Zur einbindenden Wirkung der Volksversammlung.” In Urso, Gianpaolo, ed., Integrazione mescolanza rifiuto, 89113. Rome: “L’Erma” di Bretschneider.Google Scholar

Jones, Nicholas F. 1987. Public Organization in Ancient Greece: A Documentary Study. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society.Google Scholar

Kosmetatou, Elizabeth. 2013. “Tyche’s Force: Lottery and Chance in Ancient Greek Government.” In Beck 2013a: 235–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lambert, Stephen D. 1993. The Phratries of Attica. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Lewis, Mark Edward. 2007. The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University.Google Scholar

Li, Xueqin and Wen, Xing. 2001. “New Light on the Early Han Code: A Reappraisal of the Zhangjiashan Bamboo Slip Legal Texts.” Asia Minor 14, no. 1: 125146.Google Scholar

Liye fajue baogao 里耶發掘報告. 2006. Edited by Hunan sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 湖南省文物考古研究所. Changsha: Yuelu shushe.Google Scholar

Loewe, Michael. 2010a. “Social Distinctions, Groups and Privileges.” In Nylan, Michael and Loewe, Michael, eds., China’s Early Empires: A Re-appraisal, 296307. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Loewe, Michael. 2010b. “The Operation of the Government.” In Nylan, Michael and Loewe, Michael, eds., China’s Early Empires: A Re-appraisal, 308319. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Loewe, Michael. 2004. “The Records from Yinwan and the Administration of Donghai.” In The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods, 38-88. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Loewe, Michael. 1960. “The Orders of Aristocratic Rank of Han China.” T’oung Pao 48, nos. 1–3: 97174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lolos, Yannis. 2010. “A Bronze Inscribed Tablet from the Sikyonian Countryside: A Reappraisal.” In Reger, G., Ryan, F. X., and Winters, T. F., eds., Studies in Greek Epigraphy and History in Honor of Stephen Tracy, 275292. Pessac, France: Ausonius.Google Scholar

Maschek, Dominik. 2018. “Not Census but Deductio: Reconsidering the Ara of Domitius Ahenobarbus.” Journal of Roman Studies 108: 2752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Murray, Oswyn. 1997. “Rationality and the Greek City: The Evidence from Kamarina.” In Hansen, Mogens H., ed., The Polis as an Urban Center and as a Political Community, 493504. Copenhagen: Acts of the Copenhagen Polis Centre.Google Scholar

Neils, Jenifer. 2013. “Monumental Representations of Government.” In Beck 2013a, 417–431.Google Scholar

Nishijima, Sadao. 1986. “The Economic and Social History of Former Han.” In Loewe, Michael and Twitchett, Denis, eds., The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 1: The Ch’in and Han Empires, 221 bcad 220, 545607. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ober, Josiah. 2008. Democracy and Knowledge: Innovation and Learning in Classical Athens. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ogilvie, Robert Maxwell. 1970. A Commentary on Livy, Books 1–5. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Osborne, Robin. 1985. Demos: The Discovery of Classical Attika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Pfeilschifter, Rene. 2002. “Die Brüchigkeit der Rituale: Bemerkungen zum Niedergang der Zensur.” Klio 84: 440464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pirazolli-t’Serstevens, Michèle. 1982. The Han Dynasty. New York: Rizzoli.Google Scholar

Poucet, Jacques. 2000. Les rois de Rome: Tradition et historie. Leuven: Académie Royale de Belgique.Google Scholar

Raaflaub, Kurt A. 2013. “Archaic and Classical Greek Reflections on Politics and Government: From Description to Conceptualization, Analysis, and Theory.” In Beck 2013, 71–92.Google Scholar

Rathbone, Dominic W. 1993. “Egypt, Augustus, and the Roman Taxation.” Cahiers du Centre G. Glotz 4: 81112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rieger, Michael. 2007. Tribus und Stadt: Die Entstehung der römischen Wahlbezirke im urbanen und mediterranen Kontext (ca. 750–450 v. Chr.). Frankfurt am Main: Dührkohp und Radicke.Google Scholar

Robinson, Eric W. 2002. “Lead Plates and the Case for Democracy in Fifth-Century bc Camarina.” In Gorman, V. B. and Robinson, E. W., eds., Oikistes: Studies in Consitutions, Colonies, and Military Power in the Ancient World, in Honor of A.J. Graham, 6178. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

Rosenstein, Nathan. 2009. “War, State Formation, and the Evolution of Military Institutions in Ancient China and Rome.” In Scheidel, Walter, ed., Rome and China: Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires, 2451. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Sanft, Charles. 2014. Communication and Cooperation in Early Imperial China: Publicizing the Qin Dynasty. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Scheidel, Walter. 2008. “A Model in Real Income Growth in Roman Italy.” Historia 56: 322346.Google Scholar

Smith, Christopher J. 2006. The Roman Clan: The Gens from Ancient Ideology to Modern Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Suolahti, Jaakko. 1963. The Roman Censors: A Study on Social Structure. Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters.Google Scholar

Taylor, Lily Ross. 1960. The Voting Districts of the Roman Republic: The Thirty-Five Urban and Rural Tribes. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Walter, Uwe. 2004. Memoria und Res Publica: Zur Geschichtskultur im republikanischen Rom. Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Antike.Google Scholar

Wang, Haicheng. 2014. Writing and the Ancient State: Early China in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Whitehead, David. 1986. The Demes of Attica, 508/7–ca. 250 bc: A Political and Social Study. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yates, Robin D. S. 2014. “The Changing Status of Slaves in the Qin–Han Transition.” In Pines, Yuri, von Falkenhausen, Lothar, Shelach, Gideon, and Yates, Robin D. S.., eds., Birth of an Empire: The State of Qin Revisited, 206223. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Yates, Robin D. S. 2012–2013. “The Qin Slips and Boards from Well No. 1, Liye, Hunan: A Brief Introduction to the Qin Qianling County Archives.” Early China 35–36: 291329.Google Scholar

Yates, Robin D. S. 1995. “State Control of Bureaucrats under the Qin: Techniques and Procedures.” Early China 20: 331365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yates, Robin D. S. 1987. “Social Status in the Ch’in: Evidence from the Yün-meng Legal Documents. Part One; Commoners.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 47: 197236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yinwan Hanmu jiandu 尹灣漢墓簡牘. 1997. Edited by Lianyungang shi bowuguan 连云港市博物馆. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar

Barbieri-Low, Anthony J. 2013. “The Cult of Ancestral Agriculturalist during the Qin: New Insights from Liye and Zhoujiatai.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar

Barbieri-Low, Anthony J., and Yates, Robin D. S.. 2015. Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China: A Study with Critical Edition and Translation of the Legal Texts from Zhangjiashan Tomb no. 247. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bielenstein, Hans. 1980. The Bureaucracy of Han Times. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bodde, Derk. 1974. Festivals in Classical China: New Year and Other Annual Observances during the Han Dynasty. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Chang, Kwang-chih. 1977. Food in Chinese Culture: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Changsha Mawangdui yi hao Han mu 长沙马王堆一号汉墓. 1973. 2 vols. Edited by Hunan sheng bowuguan 湖南省博物馆. Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.Google Scholar

Chen, Wen 陈雯. 2009. “Lun Tangdai dapu zhong de shehui dongyuan yiyi” 论唐代大酺中的社会动员意义. Tangshi luncong 唐史论丛, no. 11: 139146.Google Scholar

Ch’ü, T’ung-tsu. 1972. Han Social Structure. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar

Chuxue ji 初學記. 713–742. Xu, Jian 徐堅 et al. Siku quanshu 四庫全書.Google Scholar

Dietler, Michael, and Hayden, Brian, eds. 2001. Feasts: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics, and Power. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar

Donahue, John F. 2003. “Toward a Typology of Roman Public Feasting.” American Journal of Philology 124: 423441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dubs, Homer H. 1938–1955. The History of the Former Han Dynasty. 3 vols. Baltimore: Waverley Press. Translation of Hanshu.Google Scholar

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. 1986. “The Economic and Social History of Later Han.” In Twitchett, Denis and Loewe, Michael, eds., The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 1: The Ch’in and Han Empires, 221 bcad 220, 608648. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Faas, Patrick. 1994. Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Fraser, Evan, and Rimas, Andrew. 2010. Empires of Food: Feast, Famine, and the Rise and Fall of Civilizations. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Gao, Kai 高凯. 2008. “Cong Juyan Hanjian kan Handai ‘nühu’ wenti” 从居延汉简看汉代的“女户”问题. Shixue yuekan 史学月刊, no. 9: 8292.Google Scholar

Garnsey, Peter. 1993. Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco-Roman World: Responses to Risk and Crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Garnsey, Peter, and Rathbone, Dominic. 1985. “The Background to the Grain Law of Gaius Gracchus.” Journal of Roman Studies, 75: 2025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hanguan dianzhi yizhi xuanyong 漢官典職儀式選用. 1990. Compiled by Cai, Zhi 蔡質 (2nd c. ce). 1 juan. In Hanguan liu zhong 漢官六種. Collated by Sun, Xingyan 孫星衍 (1753–1818 ce), collated and punctuated by Zhou, Tianyou 周天遊. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar

Hanshu 漢書. 1962. Ban, Gu 班固 (32–92) et al. 12 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar

Hanshu buzhu 漢書補注. 1983. Wang, Xianqian 王先謙 (1842–1918). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar

Hayashi, Minao. 1975. “Kandai no inshoku” 漢代の飮食. Tōhōgakuhō 東北学報 48: 198.Google Scholar

Hayden, Brian. 2001. “Fabulous Feasts: A Prolegomenon to the Importance of Feasting.” In Dietler and Hayden 2001, 29–30.Google Scholar

Hou Hanshu 後漢書. 1965. Compiled by Ye, Fan 范曄 (398–445). 18 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar

Hu, Pingsheng 胡平生 and Zhang, Defang 張德芳. 2001. Dunhuang Xuanquan Han jian shi cui 敦煌懸泉漢簡釋粹. Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe.Google Scholar

Hulsewé, A. F. P. 1987. “Han China: A Proto ‘Welfare State’? Fragments of Han Law Discovered in North-West China.” T’oung Pao, 2nd ser., 73, no. 4/5: 271272.Google Scholar

Hulsewé, A. F. P. 1985. Remnants of Ch’in Law: An Annotated Translation of the Ch’in Legal and Administrative Rules of the 3rd Century bc, Discovered in Yün-Meng Prefecture, Hu-Pei Province, in 1975. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

Itaru, Tomiya 冨谷至. 2006. Koryo Chokasan nihyakuyonjunana-go bo shutsudo Kan ritsuryo no kenkyu 江陵張家山二四七號墓出土漢律令の研究. Kyoto: Hoyu shoten.Google Scholar

Kim, Moonsil Lee. 2014. “Food Redistribution during China’s Qin and Han Periods: Accordance and Discordance among Ideologies, Policies, and Their Implementation.” PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar

Lee, Moonsil. 2004. “Dietary Conditions and Differential Access to Food Resources among the Various Classes during the Han Period.” MA thesis, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar

Lee, Wenxin 李文信. 1955. “Liaoyang faxian de san zuo bihua gumu” 遼陽發現的三座壁畵古墓. Wenwu cankao ziliao 文物參考資料, no. 5: 27–28.Google Scholar

Legge, James. 1885/1967. Li Chi: Book of Rites. 2 vols. New Hyde Park, NY: University Books.Google Scholar

Liji zhengyi 禮記正義. 1980. In Shisanjing zhushu 十三經注疏. Annotated by Ruan, Yuan 阮元 (1764–1849). 245 juan. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar

Liye Qin jian shiwen 里耶秦簡釋文. 2011. Edited by Hunan sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 湖南省文物考古研究所. Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.Google Scholar

Loewe, Michael. 1967. Records of Han Administration. 2 vols. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ma’anshan wenwu juzhen 马鞍山文物聚珍. 2006. Edited by Wang, Jun 王俊and Ma’anshan shi bowuguan 马鞍山市博物馆. Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.Google Scholar

Mercier, Stephanie. 1999. “The Evolution of World Grain Trade.” Review of Agricultural Economics 21, no. 1: 225236.Google Scholar

Nelson, Sarah Milledge. 2002. “Feasting the Ancestors in Early China.” In Bray, Tamara L., ed., The Archaeology and Politics of Food and Feasting in Early States and Empires, 6592. New York: Kluwer Academic Publisher.Google Scholar

Nylan, Michael. 2015. “Supplying the Capital with Water and Food.” In Nylan, Michael and Vankeerberghen, Griet, eds., Chang’an 26 bce: An Augustan Age in China, 99130. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar

Rickman, Geoffrey. 1980. The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Sanft, Charles. 2014. “Paleographic Evidence of Qin Religious Practice from Liye and Zhoujiatai.” Early China 37: 327358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shiji 史記. 1959. Compiled by Sima, Qian 司馬遷 (145?–86? bce) et al. 130 juan (12 vols.) Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar

Shuihudi Qinmu zhujian 睡虎地秦墓竹简. 1990. Edited by Shuihudi Qinmu zhujian zhengli xiaozu 睡虎地秦墓竹簡整理小組. Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.Google Scholar

Smith, E. Marion. 1955. “Some Roman Dinner Table.” Classical Journal 50, no. 6: 255260.Google Scholar

Sterckx, Roel. 2011. Food, Sacrifice, and Sagehood in Early China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Swann, Nancy. 1950/1980. Food and Money in Ancient China: The Earliest Economic History of China to ad 25: Han Shu 24 with Related Texts, Han Shu 91 and Shih-Chi 129. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Twitchett, Denis. 1978. The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 1: The Ch’in and Han Empires, 221 bcad 220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Veyne, Paul. 1990. Bread and Circuses: Historical Sociology and Political Pluralism, London: Penguin Press.Google Scholar

Waley, Arthur. 1996. The Book of Songs. Edited by Allen, Joseph RoeNew York: Grove Press.Google Scholar

Watson, Burton. 1993a. Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty I. Hong Kong: Research Center for Translation, University of Hong Kong and Columbia University Press. Translation of Shiji.Google Scholar

Watson, Burton. 1993b. Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty II. Hong Kong: Research Center for Translation, University of Hong Kong and Columbia University Press. Translation of Shiji.Google Scholar

Wenxuan 文選. 1986. Compiled by Xiao, Tong 蕭統 (501–531 ce). Annotated by Li, Shan 李善 (630–689 ce). 60 juan (6 vols.). Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe.Google Scholar

Wilbur, Martin. 1943/1967. Slavery in China During the Former Han Dynasty, 206 bcad 25. New York: Russell & Russell.Google Scholar

Wu, Bin 吴宾. 2007. “Zhongguo gudai liangshi anquan wenti yanjiu” 中国古代粮食安全问题研究. PhD diss., Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, China.Google Scholar

Yates, Robin D. S. 1992. “War, Food Shortages, and Relief Measures in Early China.” In Newman, Lucil F., ed. Hunger in History: Food Shortage, Poverty, and Deprivation, 147177. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar

Yinwan Hanmu jiandu zonglun 尹湾汉墓简牍综论. 1999. Edited by Lianyungang shi bowuguan 连云港市博物馆 and Zhongguo wenwu yanjiusuo 中国文物研究所. Beijing: Kexue chubanshe.Google Scholar

Yu, Kunji 于琨奇. 1990. “‘Ci nüzi baiju niu jiu’ jie: jianlun Qin Hanshiqi funüde shehui diwei” 赐女子百户牛酒”解: 兼论秦汉时期妇女的社会地位. Zhongguo lishi wenwu 中国历史文物, no. 1: 3745.Google Scholar

Zhang, Hequan 张鹤泉 and Wang, Meng 王萌. 2011. “Bei Wei huangdi ciyan kaolüe” 北魏皇帝赐宴考略. Shixue jikan 史学集刊, no. 1: 2633.Google Scholar

Zhangjiashan Han mu zhujian (er si qi hao mu) 張家山漢墓竹簡二四七號墓. 2006. Edited by Zhangjiashan er si qi hao Hanmu zhujian zhengli xiaozu 張家山二四七號漢墓竹簡整理小組. Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.Google Scholar

Zhao, Kai 赵凯. 2007. “Xi Han ‘shou yu fa’ tanlun” 西汉“受鬻法”探论. Zhongguo li yanjiu 中国史研究, no. 4: 2132.Google Scholar

What features of the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire made them globalizing empires?

Identify the features that made han china and imperial rome globalizing empires. They covered immense amounts of territory. They had large and diverse populations. They influenced people beyond their borders.

What was true of the government under the Roman Empire?

The Roman Republic was a democracy. Its government consisted of the Senate and four assemblies: the Comitia Curiata, the Comitia Centuriata, the Concilium Plebis, and the Comitia Tributa.

What factors contributed to the fall of the Han Dynasty?

Chinese historians have spent well over a thousand years trying to understand why the Han Dynasty collapsed. Over time they developed three main theories: 1) bad rulers; 2) the influence of empresses and court eunuchs over child emperors too young to rule by themselves; and 3) the Yellow Turban Revolt.

How did the Han government address the challenges of managing an empire match each problem with its solution?

How did the Han government address the challenges of managing an empire? The government collected a variety of taxes on both farmers and merchants, directly managed its own productive lands, and maintained lucrative government monopolies on salt, wine, and iron.