Presentation on theme: "Social Psychology JB & IT."— Presentation transcript: 1 Social Psychology JB & IT Show
2 Social Psychology Scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others Goal: explain social
behavior Difference from Sociology? Social Psychology: focuses more on individuals with methods that involve experimentation. Sociologists study societies and people in groups. 3
OUTLINE What are attitudes, and how are they formed, maintained and changed? How do people from impressions of what others are like and the causes of their behaviour? What are the biases that influence the ways in which people view others’ behaviour? What are the major sources and tactics of social influence? How do stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination differ? How can we reduce prejudice and
discrimination? Why are we attracted to certain people, and what progression do social relationships follow? What factors underlie aggression and prosocial behaviour? 4 Attitude and Social Cognitions 5 Persuasion: Changing
Attitudes
6 Routes to Persuasion 7
Attitude + Behaviour The strength of the link between particular attitudes and behaviour differs Cognitive Dissonance: the mental conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts (cognitions). e.g. Smokers “I smoke” “Smoking leads to lungs cancer” If they don’t quit, smokers will try to reduce dissonance by: -Modifying one or both cognitions (I really don’t smoke too much)
-Changing perceived importance of the cognition (Evidence is weak that smoking causes cancer) -Adding additional cognitions (I exercise so much that it doesn’t matter that I smoke) -Denying that cognitions are related (There is no evidence linking smoking to cancer) 8
Social Cognition: Understanding Others
9 Attribution Processes: Understanding The Causes of Behavior
10 Understanding The Causes of Behavior
11 Understanding The Causes of Behavior
12 Attribution Biases Typical biases include: 13 Attribution Biases Self-serving bias: Tendency to attribute success to personal factors and attribute failure to factors outside oneself e.g. failure to pass exam I had a bad day (rather than didn’t study well) Fundamental attribution error: Tendency to overattribute others’ behavior to dispositional causes and minimize of the importance of situational
causes e.g. failure to pass exam she’s lazy (rather than she might have had a bad day) 14 Social influence and groups
15 Conformity: Following What Others Do 16 Conformity Conclusions
17 Conformity to Social Roles 18
Compliance: Submitting to Direct Social Pressure 19 Obedience: Following Direct Orders 20 Liking and Loving: Interpersonal Attraction and the Development of Relationships
21 Stereotypes Stereotypes: a set of generalized beliefs and
expectations about a particular group and its members (women, Turkish, immigrants, etc.) Stereotypes can lead to prejudice: a negative (or positive) evaluation of a particular group and its members. e.g. racial prejudice occurs when a member of a racial group is evaluated in terms of race and not because of his or her own characteristics. Stereotypes can have harmful consequences such as discrimination: behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of
their membership in a particular group. Discrimination exclusion from jobs, neighborhoods, and educational opportunities, lower salaries and benefits, more favorable treatment toward favored groups (employer hires own race) Stereotypes also cause members of stereotyped groups to behave in ways that reflect the stereotype through a phenomenon known as self-fulfilling prophecy: expectations about the occurrence of a future event or behavior that act to increase the
likelihood the event or behavior will occur. e.g. if people think that members of specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. If you are like most people, you probably automatically form some sort of impression of what each person is like. Most likely your impression is based on a stereotype, a set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a specific group and its members. Stereotypes, which may be
negative or positive, grow out of our tendency to categorize and organize the vast amount of information we encounter in our everyday lives. All stereotypes share the common feature of oversimplifying the world: we view individuals not in terms of their uniwue, personal characteristics, but also in terms of characteristics we attribute to all the members of a particular group.
22 Reducing the Consequences of Prejudice and Discrimination Is a set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members quizlet?Discrimination refers to: a set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members. consideration of individuals for their personal qualities and not their membership in a group. behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group.
What is the term for the set of generalized beliefs?Stereotype. A set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members. Prejudice. A negative (or positive) evaluation of a particular group and its members.
Is behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group?Discrimination: Behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group.
What is the term for the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes?The term cognitive dissonance is used to describe the mental discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes. People tend to seek consistency in their attitudes and perceptions, so this conflict causes feelings of unease or discomfort.
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