Response: the reaction of an “organism” in the presence of some stimulus. (Cardwell, 208) Any act or phenomena, or behavior, constituting a reply or reaction of a living organism, or its part, to some foregoing stimulus or agent. (NCIt) The way in which the body or part of the body reacts to a stimulus. For example, a nerve “impulse” may produce the response of a “contraction” in a “muscle” that the nerve supplies. (OxfordMed) Editor's note - also refers to commands sent down to the “central nervous system” from the “cerebral cortex” and to other various cellular responses. Show
Conditioned Response: the learned, reflexive response (dog salivating) to an "conditioned stimulus." (Hockenbury, 176) A learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus. (Coon, 365) A particular response elicited by an initially neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus, which naturally provokes that response. (Collin, 340) Unconditioned Response: the unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus (Hockenbury, 176) An innate reflex response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus. (Coon, 265) Stimulus: a term used in psychology that has the following characteristics: has some physical reality (such as a sound or a smell); is capable of stimulating the “sensory” organs of the organism receiving it; stimulates some response from the organism; is predominantly ‘external’ in origin. (Cardwell, 240) Any object, event, situation, or factor in the environment that an individual can detect and respond to. (Collin, 343) Conditioned Stimulus: when a "neutral stimulus" becomes associated with an "unconditioned stimulus," thus triggering a conditioned response. (Kleinman, 10) A stimulus that evokes a response because it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus. (Coon, 265) A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response. The stimulus that is originally neutral but comes to elicit a reflexive response. (Hockenbury, 176-177) Neutral Stimulus: a stimulus that is not related to a response. (Kleinman, 10) A stimulus that does not evoke a response. (Coon, 265) A stimulus that has no meaning prior to conditioning (Berger, 39) Stimulus Discrimination: an aspect of classical conditioning where an organism responds to one stimulus while losing the tendency to respond to similar stimuli. (Cardwell, 241) The learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli. (Coon, 267) The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other similar stimuli. (Hockenbury, 179) For example, a young child was frightened by a deranged Chihuahua which nipped him on the leg. Because of the incident, he developed a strong fear of small dogs, but not large dogs. (Hockenbury2, 5) Stimulus Generalization: an aspect of classical conditioning whereby an organism not only responds to the conditioned stimulus, but also to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (Cardwell, 241) The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to, but not identical to, a conditioned stimulus. (Coon, 267)The occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus, but to other, similar stimuli as well. (Hockenbury, 179) For example, a young child learned to associate the sight of a nurse’s white uniform with the fear and pain of getting an injection. The young child begins reacting with fear to the sight of any white jacket. (Hockenbury2, 5) Unconditioned Stimulus: a stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response. (Coon, 265) The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning. (Hockenbury, 176) A stimulus that elicits a reflexive (natural) response. (Collin, 343) X. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING A. THE ISSUES AND DAILY LIFE ILLUSTRATION: Advertisements with endorsements by doctors, sports stars, celebrities, “economical role models,” sex objects, macho men, etc. all use classical conditioning. B. DEFINITION: At the turn of the century, physiologist Ivan Patrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) noted that if certain things occurred, an animal would salivate before food had reached its mouth. Pavlov observed this while doing research on digestion. Pavlov’s earlier research on digestion (1903) won him a Nobel Prize. He found that even the mere presence of the person who brought the food would bring about salivation. This led Pavlov to undertake an experimental investigation of this relationship of paired stimuli. The reference experiment for classical conditioning is the study by Pavlov of conditioned salivation of dogs. To make possible the recording of the magnitude of the salivary response, the dog was first subjected to an operation so that the saliva flowed through an opening on the outside of the cheek. A small glass funnel was firmly cemented over the opening to collect saliva, which could be measured with accuracy of one-tenth drop by suitable devices. The dog was trained to stand quietly in a loose harness on a table in a room which was insulated against any distracting noises or vibrations. The experimenter occupied an adjoining room, observed the dog through a small window and presented the stimuli by means of mechanical devices. A tuning fork was sounded, and 7 seconds after the beginning of this conditioned stimulus, a small measured quantity of dry, powdered food was moved within reach of the dog’s mouth. No salivation was evoked by the tone, but during the eating there was a flow of saliva. Combinations of the tone and food were presented three times during the daily session, each one separated by intervals of 5 to 35 minutes. The strength of the conditioned response was determined by presenting the tone alone after 30 combinations; the tone evoked salivation of 60 drops (magnitude increase). On the early tests the conditioned salivation did not begin until the tone had sounded for 18 seconds; on later tests the salivation commenced after only 1 or 2 seconds, (latency change). (Hilgard & Marquis, 1940, p. 28). Then, in Pavlov’s classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus (e.g. tone) called a conditioned stimulus (CS), which did not previously elicit a salivation response, acquired the ability to elicit salivation, called a conditioned response (CR), following repeat pairing with a stimulus (e.g. meat powder), called an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), which elicited the salivation response called an unconditioned response (UCR). Classical conditioning is a stimulus substitution procedure. Sometimes it is called respondent conditioning or Pavlovian Conditioning. Q-1. In the conditioning experiment described by Pavlov, the conditioned stimulus was a ______. Answer. (TONE) Paradigm for Pavlov Experiment Meat Powder——->Salivation Tone———–>Salivation Q-2.
Pavlov became interested in conditioning when he observed laboratory dogs Answer. (B) Q-3. Pavlov won a Nobel prize for his work on Answer. (A) Q-4. In classical conditioning, there must be an unconditioned response (UCR) to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) before the animal can
acquire a(n) ______to a conditioned stimuli. Answer. (A) Q-5. The eliciting of a response to a new stimulus which did not originally elicit it is called conditioning. Answer. (CLASSICAL or RESPONDENT) Q-6. A classical conditioned response cannot be acquired unless there is already a regular relationship between an unconditioned stimulus
and an unconditioned response. Answer. (A) Q-7. An essential feature of classical conditioning is Answer. (A) Q-8. In classical conditioning studies, the “unconditioned stimulus” Answer. (A) Q-9. Which of the following statements is characteristic of an unconditioned stimulus? Answer. (C) Q-10. Which of the following would be classified as an unconditioned response? Answer. (B) Q-11. A dog lifts its leg in response to the ringing of a bell. The bell in this case would be a (11) ______ because the response was a result of a previous (12) ______. A. UCS A. chaining Answer. (C) (B) Q-13. Classical conditioning occurs when Answer. (C) Q-14. In classical conditioning Answer. (A) Q-15. A formerly neutral event which comes to elicit a response is called a ______. Answer. (CONDITIONED STIMULUS) Q-16. A dog salivates at the sight of a dog biscuit box. The box has become
a(n) Answer. (C) Q-17. A dog learns to salivate to a light. The light is the ______ stimulus. Answer. (CONDITIONED) Q-18. An actor/actress learns to weep to cues in the play by rehearsing with onion juice every time she/he is supposed to shed tears. What is the conditioned stimulus? Answer. (C) Q-19. In reference to the previous question, what would be the unconditioned response? Answer. (A) Q-20. The tuning fork in Pavlov’s experiment is an example of what kind of stimulus? Answer. (CONDITIONED) Q-21. The stimulus that you use as a substitute stimulus in classical conditioning is called Answer. (A) Q-22. In classical conditioning you can Answer. (B) Q-23. Learning through classical conditioning is synonymous with Answer. (A) Q-24. In classical conditioning, the conditioned response is Answer. (C) Q-25. When the conditioned stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus a number of times, the experimenter will obtain it when he presents the _________. Answer. (A) Q-26. Before proceeding with an experiment in
classical conditioning, the experimenter should be sure that the conditioned stimulus Answer. (B) Q-27 In Respondent or Classical Conditioning you must first______. Answer. (C) The temporal relationship that must be controlled in order to produce effective respondent conditioning is the inter-stimulus interval time between CS (conditioned stimulus) and UCS (unconditioned stimulus). Pavlov claimed 1/2 minute or less made no important difference. However, recent evidence indicates that approximately 1/2 second is the best interval for conditioning. Q-28. A conditioned reflex occurs when an animal Answer. (B) Q-29. In order for classical conditioning to develop readily, which of the following temporal relationships must be maintained? Answer. (A) The most rapid classical conditioning will occur when the UCS follows the CS by about (1/2) second. Q-30. Classical conditioning has
been established when one observes the sequence Answer. (C) Q-31. As a result of conditioning, the time interval between the CS and CR decreases. Answer. (A) Q-32. The usual order of events in the early stage of classical conditioning is Answer. (B) Q-33. Which of the following sequence of events would be a cue to the experimenter that conditioning had taken place? Answer. (D) Q-34. ______ may be defined as the formation of an association between a conditioned stimulus and a response through the repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus
in a controlled relationship with an unconditioned stimulus that originally elicits that response. (A) C. APPLICATIONS: 1. Conditioned Reflex Treatments: APOMORPHINE, EMETINE, OR SCOLINE —————–> NAUSEA UCS UCR ALCOHOL (or Sex Object, etc.) ———-> NAUSEA CS CR This method has been effective in treating a variety of problems; the CS is changed to various stimuli associated with problems. 2. Fear
Reduction: Children Playing
and UCS UCR FEAR, Object ————————> RELAXATION RESPONSES CS CR (The CS is presented in a hierarchical arrangement.) 3.
Anesthesia in One Hand: SHOCK —————> FINGER WITHDRAWAL UCS UCR SHOCK CS CR (See Hilgard, and Marquis, 1956) 4. Get a Horse: SPURS ———————> BUCKING AND LEAPING UCS UCR “Oh Lord, Come to My Aid!” ——–> BUCKING AND LEAPING CS CR 5. Get a Meal Away From Cats: BEATING THE CATS ————–> SHRIEK AND JUMP AROUND UCS UCR COUGHING —————-> SHRIEK AND JUMP AROUND CS CR 6. Parakeet: RATTLE PARAKEET’S CAGE –> FLAPPING OF WING AND SCREECHING UCS UCR COVER ON CAGE —————- FLAPPING OF WINGS AND SCREECHING CS CR 7. Fetus: VIBRATION ———————> MOVEMENT UCS UCR TONE ————————–> MOVEMENT CS CR 8. Horses That Run to Whoa: SPUR ———————–> RUN UCS UCR WHOA ————————> RUN CS CR 9. Advertising Utilizing Classical Conditioning: Favorable Response, e.g. Nice Scene, Sex Symbol, etc. ——-> “That is Nice”, etc. Product ————————> Favorable Response 10. Stop the Concert: Taste Lemon ——————> Pucker Lip Sight of Lemon ——————> Pucker Lip 11. Test for “Deaf” Malingering: Tone or Light ————–> Finger Withdrawal 12. Eye Blink: Puff of Air ——————–> Eye Blink Light ————————> Eye Blink 13. Ineffective Actress: Onion Juice ———————–> Crying Script Cue ————————> Crying 14. Drug: Hypodermic Injection ———> “Blue Heaven” UCS UCR Massage of Dorsal Surface CS CR 15. Storm: Thunder Fear ——————–> Fear Responses Lightning ——————-> Fear Responses 16. Pupil Constriction: Visual Light ———–> Constriction of Pupils Auditory Bell ————> Constriction of Pupils D. IMPLICATIONS: 1. Implications of Higher Order Classical Conditioning: First Order: Light ————-> Pupillary Reflex Second Order: Bell ————->
Pupillary Reflex Second Order: Bell ————-> Pupillary Reflex Word “Constrict” —————–> Pupillary Reflex 2. Higher Order Example with Fetish Article: First Order: Apomorphine ——–> Nausea Bell —————> Nausea Second Order: Bell ————–> Nausea Fetish Article —–> Nausea Third Order: Fetish Article ——> Nausea Fetish Article 3. Watson Modifying Fear: Loud
Noise ———-> Fear Response Animals ————-> Fear Response (See J.B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner) 4. Meaning: Blue Object ———-> Sensory Response (Spoken-Written) 5. Meaning “Hot”: Hot Stove ————-> Withdrawal Word “Hot” ————> Withdrawal 6. Cry for the Doctor: Painful Inoculations ——-> Crying Doctor —————-> Crying 7. Meaning “Hot” Radiator: Touch Hot Radiator ———> Withdrawal Word “Hot” ————–> Withdrawal DEFINITIONS FOR CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: Conditioned response (CR): Conditioned stimulus (CS): Higher-order respondent conditioning: Respondent conditioning: Respondent extinction: Systematic desensitization: Unconditioned response (UR): What term describes a formerly neutral stimulus that has acquired the ability to trigger a response that was originally produced by the unconditioned stimulus?What is a formerly neutral stimulus that has acquired the ability to elicit a response that was previously elicited by the unconditioned stimulus? conditioned stimulus.
When a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response?Involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus, until the neutral stimulus elicits the same “response. “ (Hockenbury, 176) A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to trigger a particular response by becoming paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
What is it called when a stimulus acquires the power to elicit a response as a result of being paired with a stimulus that already produces the response?generalization. when a stimulus acquires the power to elicit a response as a result of being paired with a stimulus that already produces the response. classical conditioning has occured.
What is elicited by the neutral stimulus?With repeated presentations of both the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus will elicit a response as well, known as a conditioned response. Once the neutral stimulus elicits a conditioned response, the neutral stimulus becomes known as a conditioned stimulus.
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