The American Revolution emerged out of the intellectual and political turmoil following Great Britain’s victory in the French and Indian War. Freed from the threat of hostile French and Indian forces, American colonists were emboldened to resist new British colonial policies that raised issues of inequalities of power, political rights, and individual freedoms. People such as John Adams and Mercy Otis Warren believed that the British policies stimulated the minds of Americans to demand independence and expanded individual rights. Show
This revolution of the mind had physical consequences as Americans openly and sometimes violently opposed Great Britain’s new assertions of control. The right to representation, political independence, separation of church and state, nationalism, slavery, the closure of the Western frontier, increased taxation, commercial restrictions, use of the military in civil unrest, individual freedoms, and judicial review were some of the salient issues that boiled up in the revolutionary cauldron of Britain’s American colonies.
John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, August 24, 1815 American Revolution Transforms North AmericaBenjamin Franklin’s Idea for National ConfederationBenjamin Franklin. Plan of Proposed Union (Albany Plan), 1754. Manuscript. Hazard Papers in the Peter Force Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (2.00.02) [Digital ID# us0002_2, us0002, us0002_1] Locke’s Influence on the American Ideas of Natural Rights“Pursuit of Happiness”Henry Home, Lord Kames. Essays on the Principles of Morality and Natural Religion, in Two Parts. Edinburgh, 1751. Thomas Jefferson Library Collection, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress (4) [Digital ID# us0004] Radical British Writers Prepare the Way for RevolutionLondon Merchants Announce Repeal of Stamp ActLetter from London merchants to John Hancock, March 18, 1766. Manuscript. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (007.01.00) [Digital ID#us0007_01] English Missionaries Work to Convert Native AmericansLetter from John Brainerd to P.V.B. Livingston, November 20, 1752. Manuscript. Marian S. Carson Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (7.03.00) [Digital ID# us0007_03] Protests Lead to Repeal of Stamp ActAn Act for Repeal [of] the Stamp Act, March 18, 1766, At the Parliament Begun and Holden at Westminster.… London: Mark Baskett, Printer to the King, 1766. Marian S. Carson Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (8) [Digital ID# us0008_1] Discover! Mock Funeral Procession for the Stamp ActAmerican Opposition to Anglican BishopAmericans Protest the Stamp ActWilliam Samuel Johnson. “Declaration of Rights and Grievance,” October 19, 1765. Manuscript. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (10.01.00) [Digital ID# us0010_01] Continental Congress Seeks to Resolve GrievancesCauses and Necessity for RebellionA Political Satire on French AllianceAnother Political Satire on French AllianceBloodied British Capture “Bunker’s Hill”British Parliament Passes a Tax on the ColonistsAn Act for Granting Certain Stamp Duties. London: 1765. Peter Force Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (007.04.00) [Digital ID# us0007_04] Franklin Claims Opposition to Stamp ActLetter from Benjamin Franklin to Charles Thomson, July 11, 1765. Manuscript. Charles Thomson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (008.03.00) [Digital ID# us0008_03p1] Read the transcript Franklin Flip-Flops on Stamp ActLetter from Benjamin Franklin to Charles Thomson, September 27, 1766. Manuscript. Charles Thomson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (008.02.00) [Digital ID# us0008_02] Read the transcript Philadelphia on the Eve of the RevolutionRepeal Celebrated in BostonRepeal of Stamp ActGlorious News. Boston, Friday 11 O’Clock, 16th May 1766. This instant arrived here the Brig Harrison, belonging to John Hancock. Boston: 1766. Broadside. Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress (007.05.00) [Digital ID# us0007_05] Over 30 years ago, Carol Dweck and her colleagues became interested in students' attitudes about failure. They noticed that some students rebounded while other students seemed devastated by even the smallest setbacks. After studying the behavior of thousands of children, Dr. Dweck coined the terms fixed mindset and growth mindset to describe the underlying beliefs people have about learning and intelligence. When students believe they can get smarter, they understand that effort makes them stronger. Therefore they put in extra time and effort, and that leads to higher achievement. Recent advances in neuroscience have shown us that the brain is far more malleable than we ever knew. Research on has shown how connectivity between neurons can change with experience. With practice, neural networks grow new connections, strengthen existing ones, and build insulation that speeds transmission of impulses. These neuroscientific discoveries have shown us that we can increase our neural growth by the actions we take, such as using good strategies, asking questions, practicing, and following good nutrition and sleep habits.  At the same time that these neuroscientific discoveries were gaining traction, researchers began to understand the link between mindsets and achievement. It turns out, if you believe your brain can grow, you behave differently. So the researchers asked, “Can we change mindsets? And if so, how?” This began a series of interventions and studies that prove we can indeed change a person’s mindset from fixed to growth, and when we do, it leads to increased motivation and achievement. For example, 7th graders who were taught that intelligence is malleable and shown how the brain grows with effort showed a clear increase in math grades. In addition to teaching kids about malleable intelligence, researchers started noticing that teacher practice has a big impact on student mindset, and the feedback that teachers give their students can either encourage a child to choose a challenge and increase achievement or look for an easy way out. For example, studies on different kinds of praise have shown that telling children they are smart encourages a fixed mindset, whereas praising hard work and effort cultivates a growth mindset. When students have a growth mindset, they take on challenges and learn from them, therefore increasing their abilities and achievement. Read more about how teacher practices impact student mindsets and achievement. What does growth mindset teaching look like in the real world? When we take the research out of the laboratory and into the classroom, we see amazing results. One such case study is Fiske Elementary School. With a diverse student population of English language learners and special education students, the administrators at Fiske infused growth mindset into the school culture by starting with teacher mindsets. Teachers took part in a Mindset book study the first year of implementation, and completed the MindsetMaker™ online professional development the second year. While state test scores in math remained stagnant, Fiske Elementary saw amazing growth, which they attributed to a growth mindset teacher practices and culture shift. Read more Case Studies about closing the gap between research and practice. How did the ideas of the Enlightenment change political thought quizlet?One way in which the Enlightenment ideas changed political thought throughout Europe was through an increase in logical thinking and less reliance on the church and religion. It let people form unions and organize strikes to protest unsafe and unfair labor conditions because they were being treated unjust.
What factors facilitated the spread of Enlightenment ideals within and outside of Europe?The salons and the Encyclopedia helped spread Enlightenment ideas to edu- cated people all over Europe. Enlightenment ideas also eventually spread through newspapers, pamphlets, and even political songs.
How did the Enlightenment lead to social changes during the 1750 1900?C. Enlightenment ideas influenced various reform movements that existing notions of social relations, which contributed to the expansion of rights as seen in expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery and the end of serfdom, as their ideas were implemented.
How did the Enlightenment affect changes in popular Outlook?How did the Enlightenment effect changes in popular outlook? They believed that rational laws could describe both physical and social behavior. the Enlightenment produced a basic set of principles concerning human affairs: humans are naturally good, reason was the key to truth, intolerant or blind religion was wrong.
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How were these ideas considered changes from previous philosophies/mindsets?
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