An individual with an IQ score of 60 would be classified with intellectual disability

significant dysfunction during childhood

Psychological disorders are considered developmental disorders when there is a:   

Johnny is a 2-year-old boy who has no motivation to interact with other people. His absence of interest in people may also lead to severe deficits in his ability to:

skill deficits can be identified and addressed before they impact later development

The main reason that it is so important to identify children with developmental disorders as early as possible is that:

patterns of inattention or hyperactivity/impulsivity

An individual diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder will always present with:

Which of the following is the most likely reason for a child to be referred for mental health treatment?

Which of the following is not characteristic of ADHD?

The inattention cluster of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms is characterized by

either of the symptom clusters

In order to diagnose an individual with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, it is necessary for symptoms to be present in:

Manifestations of ADHD tend to change over time but many problems often persist.

Which best describes the way attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) develops as children grow into adulthood?

improvements in diagnosis

According to your text, the reason that countries previously reporting lower rates of ADHD than those found in the United States are now finding rates of the disorder closer to the rate reported in the U.S. is:

there appear to be multiple genetic influences

The most accurate statement with regards to the effects of genetics on ADHD is..

medication such as Ritalin and behavior therapy

Ron is a 9-year-old boy recently diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. His parents have chosen a combined approach to treatment, which will most likely involve:

Learning disorders can be diagnosed in people of below average, average or high intelligence.

Why would it be incorrect to say that individuals diagnosed with learning disorders are not intelligent?

Which of the following is not an example of a communicative disorder?

Ken does not appear to have a learning disorder because his achievement is consistent with
expectations based on his intelli

Ken is a 12-year-old boy of average intelligence as indicated by his IQ scores. He loves school and works hard on his homework. Ken has earned straight A's in every subject except math, where he has been achieving grades in the C range. Which of the

Samantha is a 6th grade girl who has great difficulty in school. She pays attention and works hard but appears to have trouble remembering facts and concepts that she has read about. Before we can determine whether Samantha has a learning disability,

The complexity of the English language may contribute to the higher rate of reading disorder in English speaking countries

One intriguing finding from research involving reading disordered individuals who speak multiple languages is that:

Treatment for learning disorders generally involves:

All of the following are classified as pervasive developmental disorders EXCEPT:

significantly affect individuals throughout their lives

The term "pervasive" in the title of pervasive developmental disorders relates to the fact that these disorders:

One of the most characteristic patterns for autistic children is that they are generally:

Robin is a 3-year-old girl who appears uninterested in people. She generally interacts with her mom only when she needs something. In some ways, Robin seems to be interested in her mother only as a tool to help her get what she wants. Robin would pro

Jean is a 14-year-old autistic girl who seems compelled to run around touching each door every time she comes home. If she is prevented from touching each door, Jean has a tantrum. This is an example of:

performing complex math calculations that appear well beyond their abilities

All of the following are typical behaviors for autistic children EXCEPT:

In terms of the level of support that will be necessary for an autistic child, which factor is used as a predictor to determine the prognosis?

lack of language acquisition and low IQ

Monte is a 3-year-old boy recently diagnosed with autism. Monte seems uninterested in communication of any kind. He becomes hysterical if anyone interrupts his ritualistic activity. On an IQ assessment designed for very young children, Monte's score

not the result of parenting behaviors

Research regarding the behavior of the parents of autistic children suggests that autism is:

not typical of the disorder

The ability to perform "computer-like" mathematical calculations and other incredible skills that are sometimes associated with autistic individuals (such as the character in the movie Rain Man) are:

Asperger's disorder is not associated with severe language delays

One major distinction between Asperger's disorder and autism is that:

Jim is a teen who has no friends. Although he is quite verbal, he speaks in a strange and formal style of speech. All of his activities center around planes and he possesses an almost encyclopedic knowledge of aircraft. Jim's constant verbal display

abnormal sensory experiences

The authors of the textbook report an interview with a patient named Jim who was originally diagnosed with autism, although today he would probably receive a diagnosis of Asperger's disorder. Jim's lucid description of his internal experiences sugges

Treatment for autism is most similar to the treatment for:

some improvement in quantity of socialization but little improvement in the quality of social contacts

The results of behavioral treatment targeting the socialization deficits of individuals with autism have shown:

some increase in the quantity of socialization in which she participates but little improvement in the quality of socializati

Jane is a fourteen-year-old autistic girl currently participating in a behavioral social skills training program for autistic adolescents. Jane's most likely outcome from this program is:

meet one-on-one for 40 hours per week

Based on the research of Lovaas (1987), improvements in the intellectual and educational functioning of autistic children have been documented for intervention programs that:

be pleased since research suggests that regular classroom placement is best for autistic children

Jake is an autistic 8-year-old boy whose parents have just been informed that their son will be placed in a regular classroom and provided with whatever special support he needs. Jake's parents should:

do not appear to be an effective treatment for autism

Your friends Beth and Tim have recently discovered that their 3- year-old girl is autistic. Beth and Tim are both nutrition fanatics and are convinced that they can cure their daughter's autism with vitamins and diet. You should tell Beth and Tim tha

behavioral therapy, school-based education and a focus on developing as much independence as possible

Generally speaking, the treatment for an autistic child should involve:

Mental retardation is recorded on DSM-IV Axis ____:

70 or below, deficits in adaptive functioning, and onset prior to age 18

The DSM-IV criteria for mental retardation are an IQ of approximately:

Joe is 24 years old, lives in a rural area and works as a helper/stock boy in a small local store. Joe's IQ was tested when he was in elementary school and again in high school. His IQ score was about 65 and he did not finish high school. Joe lives i

an insufficient measure of impairment

The diagnostic criteria for mental retardation include an assessment of adaptive functioning because an IQ score is:

Mental retardation is coded on:

the diagnosis indicates that the individual was affected during the developmental period

The reason that "onset prior to age 18" is part of the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for mental retardation is that:

inappropriate because she did not appear to meet criteria before age 18

Fran is a 25-year-old woman who has been having a great deal of difficulty taking care of herself. Her IQ score is 68, though this surprises her parents because they recall that her IQ was tested several times when she was in school and it was always

The IQ score designated as the cutoff for the diagnosis of mental retardation is:

An individual with an IQ score of 60 would be classified with:

she is very likely to be able to live independently

The following statement is true regarding an individual who is classified as mildly retarded:

The major difference between the DSM-IV system of classification of levels of mental retardation and the American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR) system is that the AAMR system is based on:

Down syndrome is caused by:

the first trimester of pregnancy

Down Syndrome can be detected by :

the behavioral approach to skills training

The form of treatment that has been found to be most successful for individuals with mental retardation is:

o  This is the most frequently occurring and diagnosed disorder. There are 3 clusters of symptoms: Inattention, Hyperactivity, and Impulsivity
o  The symptoms MUST affect one’s functioning.
o  There must be a significant number of symptoms from eithe

Cluster 1 of symptoms for ADHD:
________- (lack of concentration, easily distracted, excessive daydreaming, disorganization, frequently loses items, things appear to go in one ear and out the other, needing repeated reminders)

Cluster 2 of symptoms for ADHD:
______- (“TOO MUCH”, can’t keep still, being fidgety and restless, can’t stay in their seat, an excessive amount of energy [always “on the go”], difficulty playing quietly)

Cluster 3 of Symptoms for ADHD:
_______- (action without thinking, “no filter”, they act or react without thinking, they frequently interrupt others, can’t wait their turn, they push in line)

Combined Type
Inattentive Type
Hyperactive-Impulsive
7

Types of ADHD:
ADHD ______ – when you have 6 symptoms from both cluster 1 and cluster 2
ADHD ______ (technically ADD, only cluster 1)
ADHD ______ (only from cluster 2)
o    SOME OF THESE SYMPTOMS MUST BE PRESENT PRIOR TO THE AGE OF __

Scope of Learning Disorders

o  Problems related to academic performance in reading, mathematics, and writing
o  Performance is substantially below what would be expected

o  Discrepancy between actual and expected reading achievement
o  Reading is at a level significantly below that of a typical person of the same age
o  Problem cannot be caused by sensory deficits (e.g., poor vision)

Mathematics
Written Expression

_______ Disorder:
o  Achievement below expected performance in mathematics
Disorder of ________:
o  Achievement below expected performance in writing

Selective / Elective Mutism

o  Persistent failure to speak in specific situations, such as school, despite the ability to do so

Two Prevasive Developmental Disorders:

50% of children have no language abilities
(1) PRIOR TO THE AGE OF 3 (First Cluster)- Impairment in social interactions, appear to not enjoy activities, have poor nonverbal behaviors, and have no Emotional reciprocity
(2) Problems in communication- e

Behavior and Communication Therapies (e.g., reducing problem behaviors and teaching new skills)Educational TherapiesFamily Th

Four Treatments for Autism:

o  Symptoms:
  Problems in socialization and social function
  Restricted patterns of behavior, interests, and activities
  Deficits in communication are much less severe than in autism (speech is intact)

Treatments for Asperger's:

Psychosocial “Behavioral” Treatment- Address behaviors, communication, language problems (Early intervention is critical)
Biological and Medical Treatments Are Unavailable
Integrated Treatments:  The Preferred Model
•    Focus on children, their fami

Mental Retardation/Intellectual Disability

It is considered a disorder of childhood (it begins in childhood or adolescence) Two chief criteria:
    (1) Severe below average IQ (below 70)
    (2) Significantly deficits in “adaptive functioning” (being able to function on your own, according to

Mild
Moderate
Severe
Profound

___- IQ between 50 or 55 and 70; need supervision
___- IQ range of 35-40 to 50-55; can probably hold a simple job
___- IQs ranging from 20-25 up to 35-40; generally ambulatory
___- IQ scores below 20-25; bedridden

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia (abnormal behavior/distortions)

Delusions: Gross misrepresentations of reality that involve strongly held beliefs. 
Hallucinations: Experience of sensory events without environmental input
Disorganized Speech

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia (the A's)

Avolition (apathy)- Inability to initiate/persist in activities
Alogia- A relative absence of speech
Anhedonia- Inability to experience pleasure
Flat affect- Show little expressed emotion, but may still feel emotion

Disorganized Speech associated with Schizophrenia

Cognitive Slippage: Illogical and incoherent speech
Tangentiality: “Going off on a tangent” and not answering a question directly
Loose Associations or Derailment: Taking conversation in unrelated directions

Disorganized Affect
Disorganized Behavior

______- Inappropriate emotional behavior (e.g., crying when one should be laughing)
_________
o  Includes a variety of unusual behaviors
o  Catatonia: Spectrum from wild agitation, waxy flexibility, to complete immobility

A type of psychosis with disturbed thought, perception, language, emotion, and behavior.  It can only be diagnosed if the symptoms have been present for OVER 6 MONTHS.

Paranoid Type (Schizophrenia)

o  Intact cognitive skills and affect, and do not show disorganized behavior
o  Hallucinations and delusions center around a theme (grandeur or persecution)
o  best prognosis

Disorganized Type (Schizophrenia)

o  Marked disruptions in speech and behavior, flat or inappropriate affect
o  Hallucinations and delusions have a theme, but tend to be fragmented
o  This type develops early, tends to be chronic, lacks periods of remissions

Catatonic Type (Schizophrenia)

o  Show unusual motor responses and odd mannerisms (e.g., echolalia [echo voice], echopraxia [mirroring movement])
o  This subtype tends to be severe and quite rare

Undifferentiated Type (Schizophrenia)

o  Major symptoms of schizophrenia, but fail to meet criteria for another type

Residual Type (Schizophrenia)

o  One past episode of schizophrenia
o  Continue to display less extreme residual symptoms (e.g., odd beliefs)

Schizophreniform Disorder

•  Schizophrenic symptoms for less than 6 months
•  Associated with good premorbid functioning; most resume normal lives

•  Experience one or more positive symptoms of schizophrenia
•  Usually precipitated by extreme stress or trauma
•  Lasts less than one month

•  Delusional disorder is a type of schizophrenia with only delusions (no hallucinations)

Family Studies Genetic Predisposition for Schizophrenia

o  Inherit a tendency for schizophrenia, not a specific form
o  Schizophrenia in the family increases risk for schizophrenia in other family members
o  You do not need to show symptoms in order to pass on a genetic predisposition of developing schizo

Twin Studies of Genetic Predisposition for Schizophrenia

o  Risk of schizophrenia in monozygotic twins is 48%
o  Risk of schizophrenia drops to 17% for fraternal (dizygotic) twins

-have etiology in childhood
-usually do not manifest themselves until adulthood
-coded for on Axis II similar to mental retardation (resistant to treatment)

•  Cluster _: Odd or eccentric cluster (e.g., paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal)
•  Cluster _: Dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster (e.g., antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic)
•  Cluster _: Fearful or anxious cluster (e.g., dependent, avo

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Cluster A
o  Great deal of mistrust of others; “people are just out to get me”
o  This causes impairment in daily functioning
o  The person is not hallucinating or delusional

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Cluster A
o    Are loners by choice; prefer having few if any friends
o    Introverted, do not enjoy relationships with others (not because they are anxious or nervous); don’t show much emotions
o    Disorder due to effects on other people

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Cluster A
o    Behavior and dress is odd and unusual
o    Most are socially isolated and highly suspicious of others
o    Magical thinking, ideas of reference, and illusions
o    Risk for developing schizophrenia is high

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Cluster B
o  Failure to comply with social norms and violation of the rights of others
o  Irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful
o  Lack a conscience, empathy, and remorse
o  Many go to jail (more often seen in men)

Borderline Personality Disorder

Cluster B
o  Patterns of unstable moods and relationships
o  Impulsivity, fear of abandonment, very poor self-image
o  Self-harm and suicidal gestures are common
o  Most common personality disorder in psychiatric settings

Histrionic Personality Disorder:

Cluster B
o  Overly dramatic, sensational, and sexually provocative
o  Often impulsive and need to be the center of attention; Thinking and emotions are perceived as shallow
o  Common diagnosis in females

Narcissistic Personality Disorder:

Cluster B
o  Exaggerated sense of self-importance; Preoccupation with receiving attention (only good attention)
o  Lack sensitivity and compassion for other people
o    Sensitive to criticism; tend to be envious

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Cluster C
o    Sensitivity to the opinions of others; avoidant of most interpersonal relationships and fearful of rejection
Actually want to have social relationships, whereas Schizoid PD don’t

Dependent Personality Disorder

Cluster C
o    Excessive reliance on others to make major and minor life decisions
o    Unreasonable fear of abandonment
o    Tendency to be clingy and submissive in interpersonal relationships

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Cluster C
o  Excessive and rigid fixation on doing things the right way
o  Tend to be highly perfectionistic, orderly, and emotionally shallow; Obsessions and compulsions, as in OCD, are rare
Really don’t mind how they are

(1) Have to have a mental illness that needs treatment
(2) Must be a danger to self (suicide) or others (homicide)
(3) They a

Criteria for involuntary hospitalization:

The person is held against their will for 72 hours, then re-evaluated, and if need be, they will be held another 15 days, then be re-evaluated.

Initial Stages of Civil Commitment Process:

o  Person fails to seek help, but others feel that help is needed
o  Petition is made to a judge on the behalf of the person
o  Individual in question must be notified of the civil commitment process

Subsequent States of Civil Commitment Process

o  Involve normal legal proceedings in most cases
o  Determination is made by a judge regarding whether to commit the person

Tarasoff
Duty to Warn
Duty to Protect

(in case of a patient with homicidal plans)
•    _____: must tell the person that the patient wishes to kill (intended victim)
•    _____: duty to protect the public (tell the police)

Nature of the Insanity Defense Plea

o  Legal statement by the accused of not guilty because of insanity at time of crime
o  Results in defendant going to a treatment facility rather than a prison
o  Diagnosis of a disorder is not the same as insanity

Attempted to assassinate President Regan to impress Jodi Foster via delusions
Was found legally insane

Killed several NYC couples claiming the neighbor's dog told him to do it; taunted the police
-Attempted insanity plea and failed

Which of the following psychological disorders is positively correlated with ADHD and likely to co occur?

Which of the following often overlaps with ADHD?

Which of the following may cause the development of ADHD?

Which of the following is one of the three major categories of ADHD diagnosis?