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A verb may be followed by an object that completes the verb's meaning. Two kinds of objects follow verbs: direct objects and indirect objects. To determine if a verb has a direct object, isolate the verb and make it into a question by placing "whom?" or "what?" after it. The answer, if there is one, is the direct object: Direct ObjectThe advertising executive drove a flashy red Porsche.Direct ObjectHer secret admirer gave her a bouquet of flowers.The second sentence above also contains an indirect object. An indirect object (which, like a direct object, is always a noun or pronoun) is, in a sense, the recipient of the direct object. To determine if a verb has an indirect object, isolate the verb and ask to whom?, to what?, for whom?, or for what? after it. The answer is the indirect object. Not all verbs are followed by objects. Consider the verbs in the following sentences: The guest speaker rose from her chair to protest.After work, Randy usually jogs around the canal.Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Verbs that take objects are known as transitive verbs. Verbs not followed by objects are called intransitive verbs. Some verbs can be either transitive verbs or intransitive verbs, depending on the context: Direct ObjectI hope the Senators win the next game.No Direct ObjectDid we win?Subject Complements In addition to the transitive verb and the intransitive verb, there is a third kind of verb called a linking verb. The word (or phrase) which follows a linking verb is called not an object, but a subject complement. The most common linking verb is "be." Other linking verbs are "become," "seem," "appear," "feel," "grow," "look," "smell," "taste," and "sound," among others. Note that some of these are sometimes linking verbs, sometimes transitive verbs, or sometimes intransitive verbs, depending on how you use them: Linking verb with subject complementHe was a radiologist before he became a full-time yoga instructor.Linking verb with subject complementYour homemade chili smells delicious.Transitive verb with direct objectI can't smell anything with this terrible cold.Intransitive verb with no objectThe interior of the beautiful new Buick smells strongly of fish.Note that a subject complement can be either a noun ("radiologist", "instructor") or an adjective ("delicious"). Object Complements (by David Megginson)An object complement is similar to a subject complement, except that (obviously) it modifies an object rather than a subject. Consider this example of a subject complement: The driver seems tired.In this case, as explained above, the adjective "tired" modifies the noun "driver," which is the subject of the sentence. Sometimes, however, the noun will be the object, as in the following example: I consider the driver tired.In this case, the noun "driver" is the direct object of the verb "consider," but the adjective "tired" is still acting as its complement. In general, verbs which have to do with perceiving, judging, or changing something can cause their direct objects to take an object complement: Paint it black.The judge ruled her out of order.I saw the Prime Minister sleeping.In every case, you could reconstruct the last part of the sentence into a sentence of its own using a subject complement: "it is black," "she is out of order," "the Prime Minister is sleeping." Written by Frances Peck Elements of Sentence ConstructionSubjects and PredicatesParts of speech have specific tasks to perform when they are put together in a sentence. A noun or pronoun functions as the sentence subject when it is paired with a verb functioning as the sentence predicate. Every sentence has a subject and predicate. A subject can be a noun or pronoun that is partnered with an action verb. Example:
 Sometimes a verb will express being or existence instead of action. Example:
Sometimes we use sentences in which a subject is not actually stated, but is, nevertheless, understood in the meaning. Example:
A sentence like this gives an order or a request to someone.
Because we use such statements when we are talking directly to someone, we omit the word you. It is understood in the sentence. Therefore, in statements like this one, we say the subject is you (understood). This kind of sentence is an imperativesentence. A predicate is a verb that expresses the subject's action or state of being. Example:
Sometimes the predicate will be composed of two or three verbs that fit together - the main verb preceded by one or more auxiliary (helping) verbs.
IMPORTANT NOTE: To be a predicate, a verb that ends in -ing must ALWAYS have a helping verb with it. An -ing verb WITHOUT a helping verb cannot be a predicate in a sentence. A subject and predicate may not always appear together or in the normal order, as the following examples show:
PhrasesA phrase is a group of related words that 1. does not express a complete thought 2. does not have a subject and predicate pair One type of phrase is a prepositional phrase. Examples: Another kind of phrase is a verbal phrase. Examples:
Even though these phrases contain nouns (pronouns) and/or verb forms, none of the nouns/pronouns/verbs are subjects or predicates. None of them work as a partnership. Also, these phrases do NOT express complete thoughts. ClausesWords and phrases can be put together to make clauses. A clause is a group of related words that contain a subject and predicate. Note the difference between phrases and clauses in the following examples:
Only one of the clauses is a sentence. Clause #1 gives a thought or an idea that is COMPLETE, that can stand by itself, independent of other words. However, clause #2 gives an INCOMPLETE thought or idea, one that cannot stand by itself, one that needs some more words to make it whole. The word after changes the meaning, making the thought incomplete. After reading this clause, we are left hanging. These two clauses illustrate the two kinds of clauses: independent clauses and dependent clauses An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject, a predicate, and a complete thought. A
dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate, but does NOT express a complete thought. Compounding Sentence ElementsWords, phrases, and clauses may be joined to one another inside a sentence with a conjunction. The coordinating conjunctions and, but, or, and nor may join subjects, predicates, adjectives, adverbs, prepositional phrases or dependent clauses within a sentence. This process is called "compounding."The following examples show the process of compounding WORDS
PHRASES DEPENDENT CLAUSES When entire independent clauses (simple sentences) are joined this way, they become compound sentences. Avoiding FragmentsA complete sentence needs only two elements: a subject - predicate unit AND a complete thought In other words, a simple sentence is actually the SAME thing as an independent clause. Dependent clauses or phrases are called fragments because they are missing one or more parts needed to make a sentence. Therefore, they are only pieces or fragments of complete sentences. Look at these examples: Avoiding Comma Splices and Fused SentencesSometimes two independent clauses (simple sentences) can be joined to form another kind of sentence: the compound sentence. Two major errors can occur when constructing compound sentences. Error #1: The Comma Splice Writers make this error when they try to separate the two independent clauses in a compound sentence with a comma alone. A comma is not a strong enough punctuation mark to separate the two independent clauses by itself; thus, using it causes the clauses to be spliced together. Example of a comma splice:
This sentence can be repaired in three ways: 1. by adding an appropriate coordinating conjunction
2. by changing the comma to a semicolon
3. by changing the punctuation and adding an appropriate conjunctive adverb
Error #2: The Fused Sentence Writers make this error by joining two independent clauses into a compound sentence without using any punctuation between them. No punctuation between the two independent clauses causes them to "fuse" into an INCORRECT compound sentence. Example of a fused sentence:
This sentence is also repaired in three ways: 1. by adding a comma and an appropriate coordinating conjunction
2. by placing a semicolon between the two clauses
3. by adding the needed punctuation and an appropriate conjunctive adverb
Another way to repair a comma splice or fused sentence is to make each independent clauseinto a simple sentence.
What 2 things does a clause have that a phrase does not?PHRASES AND CLAUSES. Phrases and clauses are groups of words found within a sentence. ... . Phrases: A phrase is a group of words that does not have a subject and verb. A phrase cannot therefore be a complete idea or a complete sentence by itself.. Clauses: A clause is a group of words that has a subject and verb.. What are the 2 parts of a sentence what are the differences between phrases and clauses?DEFINITION OF CLAUSE AND PHRASE:
A clause is a group of words with a subject-verb unit; the 2nd group of words contains the subject-verb unit the bus goes, so it is a clause. A phrase is a group of words without a subject-verb unit.
Which two elements must a clause contain?Clauses are the building blocks of English sentences, groups of words that contain a subject and a verb.
What are two parts of speech that a clause must have?A clause is a group of related words with both a subject and a predicate (verb). Independent Clause: An independent clause (also called a main clause) is a group of words that has a subject and a verb and does not start with a subordinating conjunction.
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All clauses must have what 2 parts to be considered a clause (and not a phrase)?
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