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Terms in this set (103)
The process by which individuals learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for a particular culture is called
socialization
When sociologists use the term agents of socialization, they are referring to
people and groups who teach us about our culture
Families play a(n) ______ role in the early development of a child's sense of identity.
crucial
Which of the following is an example of gender socialization?
making young girls help with cooking and cleaning, while young boys help with yard work
buying only dresses and skirts for girls and only sorts and pants for boys
making young girls play with dolls while young boys play with trucks
Which agents of socialization play the most critical role in guiding children into gender role expectations?
families
A woman who loves statistics but decides not to pursue mathematics in college because she has internalized the societal expectation that women are not typically good at math has undergone
socialization
True or false: Children who are taught to value the same things as their parents are more likely to end up with the same type of education and employment opportunities.
true
Family, schools, peer groups, and the media are considered ______ socialization.
agents of
Which of the following describe how school affects the socialization process?
it teaches children how to interact with other people
it helps children learn about their roles for later in life
it provides instruction in a wide variety of field, including language skills
Most persons learn which of the following within the family?
telling right from wrong
proper personal hygiene
how to talk
Which of the following is an example of a hidden curriculum?
teaching students to be attentive and quiet
teaching students to follow rules
teaching students to obey
True or false: Gender socialization begins when an individual is an adolescent.
false
Which of the following are true concerning children in developed countries today?
They are introduced to a consumer lifestyle through programs from Disney and other companies.
They learn values, norms, and behaviors from commercial media companies.
Which of the following agents of socialization are the first to teach children about "appropriate" gender roles?
Parents and family
In the United States, middle class parents encourage their children to value
self-direction
For most children, daycare, preschool, or kindergarten is their first prolonged experience with what aspect of socialization?
interaction and being part of a group
Which of the following types of mass media has had the most profound effect on childhood socialization in the United States?
television
Implicit lessons that teach students how to behave are referred to as
hidden curriculum
Which of the following groups is more likely to be influenced by a peer group?
children
adolescents
More than 70% of children have access to which of the following media devices?
mobile devices
gaming console
desktop or laptop
True or false: Unlike adolescents, adults do not adopt new norms from peer groups.
false
Access to adult content outside of parental supervision has worn away the barriers between
childhood and adulthood
What type of socialization takes place during the transition from school to the workplace?
occupational
A group of people of roughly the same age who share similar interests and social status is called a(n)
peer group
As children grow older, the family's influence becomes ______ important to their social development.
less
Which of the following statements concerning the role of the workplace in the process of socialization are correct?
In the workplace, people learn both formal and informal rules for doing a job.
Socialization into professional occupations is an important function of professional schools.
Among socializing agents, religion is most explicitly focused on teaching which of the following?
values
beliefs
Which of the following best defines occupational socialization?
the process of learning the informal norms associated with a type of employment
Which of the following are examples of total institutions?
military barracks
prisons
nursing homes
Which of the following do all total institutions provide?
a single setting for daily activities
Learning to behave appropriately at work represents
a fundamental aspect of occupational socialization
Which of the following is true of the influence of religious institutions?
The influence can extend into secular social life.
The resocialization that occurs in a total institution serves all of the following purposes EXCEPT
to turn civilians Into soldiers
Erving Goffman called confined social settings, such as prisons and mental hospitals, _______ institutions
total
Which of the following are true for people in a total institution?
they live in groups
they complete the same tasks
Which of the following statements about the life-course perspective on socialization is true?
It looks at how age, time, and place shape social identities over a lifetime.
The total institution is an extreme example of
resocialization
Transitions that bring about changes in one's life are called rites of
passage
The life-course perspective looks at the shaping of social identities and experiences over a lifetime, and it does so through all of the following lenses EXCEPT
gender
When children simulate adult relationships by playing house or staging a wedding, they are undergoing
anticipatory socialization
Which of the following is true of how a child develops a sense of self?
it varies from culture to culture
Sociologists consider the transition from student to graduate an example of
a rite of passage
Contemporary Western societies tend to view childhood as a condition linked to
physical immaturity
The idea of childhood is a social construction invented in
western culture
Which of the following are examples of anticipatory socialization?
an internship - young adults "try on" certain careers to see if they want to pursue them
playing with dolls - children often simulate being parents when they play with dolls
Which of the following are the periods during which infants gradually mature biologically into adults?
adolescence
childhood
The importance of ______ for children grew during the nineteenth century.
schooling
Children in contemporary Western society are typically seen as
innocent with limited capacities
What social developments do scholars associate with the rise of adolescence in Western culture?
increase immigrations
industrialization
expanded education
Which of the following are activities that European children born before 1500 routinely engaged in?
alcohol consumption
playing with toys
apprenticeships or service work
The turbulence associated with adolescence results from the contradiction that exists between
culture and biology
cultural inconsistencies
social construction and biological reality
The new focus on school in the nineteenth century transformed children from being ______ to ______.
economic assets; economic burdens
considered little adults; being considered children
Which of the following are characteristics of adolescence?
reaching physical maturity
no longer being considered a child
Which of the following are stages of the most common life pattern for men?
marriage
parenthood
work
Which of the following are characteristics of middle-class youth?
attending college
remaining financially dependent on family
In American culture, which of the following are expected of new parents?
reorienting their lives around the socialization of their children
taking full responsibility for their children's care and upbringing
making their children's needs a priority
Why are Americans retiring at a later age?
emotional and psychological ties to work
inadequate pensions
to save more
True or false: Men's life-course trajectories are more varied then women's.
false
Which of the following statements about employees in their fifties and sixties is true?
They are increasingly discriminated against in the workplace because of their age.
Which of the following are examples of a challenge faced by an individual who is considered elderly?
death of a spouse
retaining independent housing
prolonged illness
How do adults learn the dominant parenting norms of their culture?
observing friends
reading books
socialization
One of the reasons why individuals who were born after 1960 are retiring later is because they are unable to access full benefits until they are ______ years old.
67
According to Karl Mannheim, in what life stage is our identity "stamped"?
adolescence
The idea that culture and the social environment almost completely shape human behavior is called
social determinism
Leaving the workforce can be traumatic for some retirees because so much of American ______ derives from what we do for a living.
identity
Which of the following are true of genes?
They determine physical characteristics.
They can influence behavior.
Which of the following statements regarding elderly housing are true?
Dependency is known to increase, even for those who wish to remain living at home.
Most elders prefer to "age in place."
Patterns vary across cultures.
In Karl Mannheim's view, which of the following shapes the attitudes and behaviors of a generation?
shared history
Social environment can affect genes by
triggering them.
determining how they are expressed.
limiting their impact.
The idea that genetic makeup almost completely shapes human behavior is called
biological determinism
Differences in the gene expression of genetically "identical" twins can be explained by ______ influences
epigenetic
The qualities that make human beings distinct, including our sense of selves, are the result of which of the following?
social interaction
culture
Which of the following can interact with a particular form of a gene to trigger antisocial behavior in adult men?
abuse in childhood
Which of the following did the case of "Isabelle," who was raised in isolation by her deaf-mute mother, demonstrate?
Intensive training can help compensate for lack of early socialization.
The social environment affecting gene expression may involve ______ factors.
macro-level
and micro-level
factors
What term did Charles Horton Cooley use to emphasize the importance of social interactions in relation to the self?
looking glass self
Which of the following is required to navigate smoothly through social life?
a balance of reactions
True or false: Both biology and our cultural characteristics make us distinct.
false - biology helps sets the stage for social life, but our characteristics make us distinct
Mead's "I" is the part of the self responsible for
creativity
impulsiveness
spontaneous action
What happens when children are kept in isolation?
They become mentally incapacitated
Which of the following are steps involved in the creation of the looking glass self?
imagining others making some judgments about us
imagining our image in the eyes of others
experiencing a feeling about an imagined judgment
True or false: As a person matures, the self is constructed through social interaction.
True
Which of the following are true of the looking glass self?
It varies depending on the people we interact with.
It involves determining a person's sense of self in relation to his or her interaction with others.
Mead's "me" is the sense of self that has been learned from interaction with
others
According to George Herbert Mead, children imitate others during the ______ stage of development.
pre-play
According to Mead, the play stage begins at around age
3
Which of the following are stages that the self develops through according to George Herbert Mead?
game
play
generalized other
pre-play
According to George Herbert Mead, children learn to anticipate the actions of others in the _____ stage of social development
game
The term generalized other refers to
the values and orientations of people's communities rather than specific groups of people
Mead's pre-play stage takes place until the age of
2
Research and analysis of the brain and social behavior form the basis of the study of
neurosociology
In George Herbert Mead's stages of the self, children become more aware of social relationships and begin to be able to take on the role of someone else in the ______ stage.
play
Recognizing and understanding emotions is crucial to understanding which of the following?
human communication
how the brain uses social cues
human behavior
In George Herbert Mead's stages of the self, the ______ stage is when children begin to understand not only their roles, but also those of others around them.
game
Which of the following social settings produce regimes of power?
prisons
schools
hospitals
The emergence of which phenomena in the 1990s and early 2000s brought renewed focus to the use of avatars and secret selves as a method of identity formation and experimentation?
online games and social media
The term "______" refers to the values and orientations of a person's overall community, rather than those of specific individuals.
generalized other
Social media can benefit young people who are still in the process of developing their identities by
providing outlets for creativity.
encouraging collaboration with peers.
instilling active citizenship.
Neurosociology helps us to understand the role of the brain in influencing which of the following?
ability to interact with others
the unconscious
emotions
If a child's brain produces opioids that generate feelings of comfort, then this emotional change is considered to be a result of
biology
According to Foucault, the connection of power and knowledge in different social settings produces various ______ or power
regimes
Online identities are often identical to real-life identities.
false
Dangers of social media to developing identities include all of the following EXCEPT
poor management of privacy settings
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