How to Act Ethically
One of the best ways to be an ethical researcher is to choose to act in honest ways. However, it can sometimes be difficult to know whether or not you might unintentionally be doing something unethical. This page will help you to identify specific types of academic misconduct and give you tips on how to be an ethical researcher.
How to Avoid Cheating
Cheating is often one of the easier types of misconduct to avoid because you can often consciously choose not to cheat. Some ways you can avoid cheating are by:
Giving yourself enough time to prepare for a test or quiz
- Keeping your eyes on your own work while in-class and not helping others to cheat
- Not using the work of one class (like a research paper) in another
- Taking the time needed to create an accurate bibliography for your paper
How to Avoid Plagiarism
The key to avoiding plagiarism is to give credit where credit is due. Some ways to not plagiarize include:
- Take good notes as you read. Note the author and page number of where you read ideas and/or facts
- Include quotation marks in your notes if you copy exact original wording.
- Create a good system of organizing your research notes. Make time to provide citations in your paper.
- Make sure to use in-text citations to give authors credit for their ideas. Even if you change the wording or paraphrase text in your paper, if it's not something that's common knowledge it should be cited.
- Not sure if something is common knowledge and doesn't need a citation? Ask your professor, or a librarian.
Types of Misconduct
There are many different ways someone might act in a way that is unethical in the research process. Academic integrity isn't about just avoiding cheating or choosing not to plagiarize, it's about understanding how to give credit where it's deserved and ethically building on ideas of previous researchers.
Listed below are just some examples of the most common types of academic misconduct. Although students sometimes might unknowingly plagiarized, or fail to cite something properly, the key to avoiding intentional or unintentional misconduct is to identify opportunities to act ethically.
Examples of Cheating
Cheating
Cheating is committing fraud and/or deception on a record, report, paper, computer assignment, examiniation, or any other course or field placement assignment. Examples of cheating include:
Obtaining work or information from someone else and submitting it under one's own name.
Using unauthorized notes, or study aids, or information from another student or student's paper on an examination.
Communicating answers with another person during an exam.
Altering graded work after it has been returned, and then submitting the work for regrading without the instructor's knowledge.
Allowing another person to do one's work and submitting it under one's own name.
Preprogramming a calculator to contain answers or other unauthorized information for exams.
Submitting substantially the same paper for two or more classes in the same or different terms without the expressed approval of each instructor.
Taking an exam for another person or having someone take an exam for you.
Fabricating data which were not gathered in accordance with the appropriate methods for collecting or generating data and failing to include a substantially accurate account of the method by which the data were gathered or collected.
Examples of Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is representing someone else's ideas, words, statements, or other work as one's own without proper acknowledgement or citation. Plagiarism can happen intentionally or unintentionally so it's good to know how to recognize what constitutes plagiarism. Some examples of plagiarism include:
Copying word for word or lifting phrases or a unique word from a source or reference, whether oral, printed, or on the internet, without proper attribution
Paraphrasing, that is, using another person's written words or ideas, albeit in one's own words, as if they were one's own thoughts.
Borrowing facts, statistics, graphs, or other illustrative material without proper reference, unless the information is common knowledge, in common public use.
Falsification of Data, Records, and Official Documents
Falsification of Data, Records, and/or Official Documents
Academic integrity isn't just about the words and ideas that you present. It's also about the data you use, and the documents which relate to you throughout your professional life. Here are some examples of what it means to falsify information:
Fabrication of data
Altering documents affecting academic records
Misrepresentation of academic status or degrees earned
Forging a signature of authorization or falsifying information on an official document, grade report, letter of recommendation/reference, letter of permission, petition, or any other official or unofficial document
Unacceptable Collaboration
Unacceptable Collaboration
You will often be asked to work with others as a part of your School of Social Work assignments, so it can become common place to think that all work can be collaborative. The truth is that collaboration is sometimes unacceptable when a student works with another or others on a project and then submits written work which is represented explicitly or implicitly as the student's own work.
Equally unacceptable is submitting a group project in which you did little or none of the work yet you take the credit for the work done by others within your group.