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Terms in this set (54)
Which of the following hypotheses was proposed to help explain the 1999 massacre at Columbine High School?
Both a and b are correct.
In one longitudinal study of children living in the Chicago area, children who watched more violent television were
more aggressive as adults, even when controlling for how aggressive they were as children.
In the United States, stepchildren who are less than two years of age are one hundred times more likely to suffer abuse at the hands of stepparents than of biological parents. Evolutionary psychologists evoke the principle of ________ to explain this disturbing statistic.
inclusive fitness
Ralph killed his wife in order to collect on a large life insurance policy. This scenario is an example of ________ aggression.
instrumental
Anytown, U.S.A., is experiencing one of its hottest summers ever. For several weeks, the temperature has not dropped below ninety degrees Fahrenheit. These conditions should lead to a(n) ________ in ________ crimes.
increase; violent
Research conducted by David Phillips (1986) found that suicide rates often rose substantially following media reports of someone committing suicide. When people imitate acts that they hear about in the media, this is a form of aggression called
copycat violence.
Doug Lowenstein, president of the Interactive Digital Software Association, stated, "There is absolutely no evidence, none, that playing a violent video game leads to aggressive behavior." Research by Anderson and Bushman and their colleagues suggests that Lowenstein is
incorrect because many studies show that violent video games increase aggression.
Tara is enraged after finding out that her boyfriend cheated on her. Based on research described in the textbook, which of the following strategies could help Tara reason calmly about the situation?
Tara could reflect on how her boyfriend lacks human nature, likening him to a computer or robot.
In a study conducted in the 1980s during the height of student protests against apartheid in South Africa, students rated highly a plan to divest university funds from South African companies when the plan was presented in the abstract. However, when the same plan was actually proposed by the university administration, students rated it lower because they saw the university administration as "the other side." This is an example of
c. reactive devaluation.
d. power-based negotiations.
About ________ percent of the television programs that children watch depict at least some violence.
90
Recall that Leonard Berkowitz and his colleagues asked pairs of men to work on a series of problems. The men were instructed to deliver shocks to their partners when their performances needed improvement. Some participants were induced to experience anger during the task, whereas others were not. In addition, some participants saw neutral objects next to the machine, some participants saw a gun next to the machine, and some saw no objects. Results showed that
participants in the gun condition were more aggressive than those in the no-object and neutral-object conditions only if they were angry.
Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen studied regional differences in aggression. Their research indicates that
c. homicide is less common in the South than in the North.
d. compared with northern men, southern men are more sensitive to
insults.
________ is more common among women compared with men.
Relational aggression
Peggy Reeves Sanday investigated the connection between sexual attitudes and the prevalence of rape in the cultures that she studied. Which of the following statements best summarizes her findings?
There was no connection between sexual repression and the prevalence of rape.
Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen believe that a culture of honor developed in the southern United States because the North was founded by ________ settlers, who were ________, but the South was founded by ________ settlers, who were ________, and thus had to become tough and willing to protect their property from raids.
b. English, Dutch, and German; farmers; Scottish and
Irish; herders
c. Scottish and Irish; herders; English, Dutch, and German; farmers
d. Scottish and Irish; farmers; English, Dutch, and German; herders
During World War II, propaganda posters were distributed in the United States likening the enemies of America to rats and other animals. This is an example of
dehumanization.
Angela and her younger brother Bernie have a history of fighting. One day, Angela threatens Bernie in order to force him to give up a toy with which she wants to play. Then, Bernie gets so angry at her that he screams, "I hate you!" Angela is demonstrating ________ aggression, and Bernie is demonstrating ________ aggression.
instrumental; hostile
Research has found that social rejection activates the same brain regions as those activated when people are
b. experiencing physical pain.
c. planning how to form new relationships.
d. socially accepted.
Jeff is standing in line at a movie theater when someone cuts in front of him. Research indicates that Jeff is more likely to show signs of aggression toward the "cutter" if he
lives in a southern geographic region as opposed to a northern geographic region.
The idea that we primarily look out for ourselves, our offspring, and our close relatives to ensure that our genes will be passed on is referred to as
inclusive fitness.
Which of the following is NOT among the explanations for income equality given in the textbook?
People who are genetically more prone to violent behavior tend to be at the lower end of the socioeconomic spectrum.
Charlie frequently plays violent video games. Based on the research documented by Craig Anderson and his colleagues, which of the following is NOT likely to be true for Charlie?
Charlie is likely to behave in a more prosocial manner.
Kyle, an American citizen, is watching a news story about non-U.S. citizens who are being detained for security reasons. Research suggests that Kyle may be more likely to dehumanize the detainees if he is
sitting next to a friend.
Which of the following best describes the relationship between income inequality and aggression?
States and countries with higher levels of income inequality have higher rates of aggression.
When groups in conflict are able to communicate, they are more likely to
reconcile and return to more peaceful relations.
Two processes that tend to increase conflict between groups are ________ and ________.
dehumanization; reactive devaluation
Research suggests that parents are more likely to talk about emotions with girls than with boys, which may cultivate greater empathy in women. This supports the ________ theory that men are ________ into being more physically aggressive.
cultural; socialized
Clara, a French citizen, is deciding whether to take a job in Ireland, a country with relatively low income inequality, or the United States, a country with relatively high income inequality. Clara feels strongly that she wants to live in a place where her children are less likely to be bullied. Which country might be a better choice for her in that regard?
Ireland
How do approaches focused on restorative justice differ from traditional criminal justice approaches?
Offenders are encouraged to take responsibility for their crimes, make reparations, and engage in a respectful dialogue with victims.
Clayton grew up in a so-called culture of honor. Research conducted by Richard Nisbett, Dov Cohen, and their colleagues suggests that, relative to someone who did not grow up in this kind of culture, Clayton is more likely to act aggressively
when someone calls his girlfriend ugly.
The ________ region of the United States leads the nation in argument-related homicide rates.
southern
Which of the following statements about forgiveness and reconciliation is most accurate, based on the research described in the textbook?
Reconciliation behaviors such as confessions, apologies, and signs of remorse often trigger forgiveness.
Gossip, forming alliances, and excluding others are all examples of ________ aggression.
relational
Evidence that social rejection triggers a physical threat defense system, which includes the tendency to act aggressively, supports a(n) ________ explanation of aggression as a result of social rejection.
evolutionary
Marcie is feeling as if her friends do not really like her, and she is imagining what her future would be like without any of her current friends. According to research on social rejection, how is Marcie likely to respond to someone who tries to cut in front of her in line at the cafeteria?
Marcie is more likely to be hostile toward the person who cuts in front of her.
Kendrick is angry after being insulted by a classmate. Which of the following behaviors is LEAST likely to reduce the chances that Kendrick will later behave aggressively toward his classmate?
hitting a punching bag while keeping the image of the insulting classmate in mind
Nick Haslam and Steve Loughnan (2014) have distinguished between two forms of dehumanization. Denial of human ________ occurs when targets are viewed as animals or savages, whereas denial of human ________occurs when targets are viewed as inanimate entities, such as computers or robots.
uniqueness; nature
It is ninety-five degrees outside and Sheila is sweating profusely and out of breath. When she arrives home from work and sees that her husband has not taken out the trash, she becomes frustrated and angry—more so than she usually would in this situation. Sheila is likely to behave more aggressively toward her husband if she ________ the influence of the heat on her feelings of arousal and ________ the influence of her husband's behavior on her feelings of arousal.
a. overestimates; overestimates
c. underestimates; overestimates
d. overestimates; underestimates
Hai is more likely to become aggressive as a result of watching violent television shows that depict
b. the negative impact of violence on people's lives.
d. violence against "bad" people.
Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as one of the common outcomes of group conflict?
Group members are quick to view conflicts in practical terms (e.g., a territorial dispute)
One explanation for gender differences in aggression, held by ________ theorists, is that throughout history, men were more likely to be hunters and protectors and had to be physically aggressive. In contrast, the idea that men are socialized into roles that prioritize physical aggression is held by ________ theorists.
c. historical; cultural
d. evolutionary; cultural
Peggy Reeves Sanday's research indicates that rape-prone cultures
tend to exhibit high levels of many types of violence.
The evolutionary perspective holds that stepchildren are more likely to suffer abuse at the hands of stepparents than of biological parents because
b. stepchildren do not enhance stepparents' inclusive fitness.
c. relationships with stepchildren do not follow the norm of reciprocity.
d. stepparents must allocate more resources to stepchildren than to biological offspring.
In what month might you expect that major league baseball pitchers would be more likely to hit batters?
August
Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of rape-prone cultures, as described in research by Peggy Reeves Sanday?
Rape is part of a ritual act, such as a rite of passage to adulthood.
Jason and Patrick both participated in an experiment where they were insulted, and their responses were recorded. After being insulted, Jason was more likely to be angry and upset, whereas Patrick was more likely to be amused. According to research on cultures of honor, Jason is more likely to have grown up in a ________ U.S. state, and Patrick is more likely to have grown up in a ________ U.S. state.
a. western; eastern
b. eastern;
western
d. southern; northern
According to Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen, cultures of honor are defined by concerns over one's reputation for
toughness and machismo.
Research conducted by Phil Tetlock and colleagues (1981) has shown that ________ reasoning can lead to more effective peacemaking between groups in conflict.
b. circular
c. complex (think its this one)
Lee Ross and his colleagues found that people tended to ________ the extremity of attitudes held by people on the opposing side of an issue about which they felt strongly.
overestimate
How does research on attributional processes help to explain the link between hot weather and aggression?
People are physiologically aroused by the heat, and they misattribute this arousal to other more obvious triggers, such as an irritating romantic partner.
Jacob is a member of a student group on campus that is angry with university administrators for raising tuition for students. Jacob first thinks that freezing tuition for a year would be a reasonable solution, but when the administration makes this same suggestion, Jacob is upset and wants them to reduce tuition by 2 percent. This is an example of
reactive devaluation.
Tim is a child with attention deficit disorder. According to research conducted by Frances Kuo, which of the following activities would be most helpful in helping Tim feel calmer and concentrate better?
walking around a green park
Research that has examined the penalty records of professional football and professional hockey teams found that teams that wore ________ uniforms were penalized more often for aggressive play.
a. brown
c. black
d. yellow
Aggression that is motivated by feelings of anger and hostility is called ________ aggression, whereas aggression that is motivated by a desire to gain status or to acquire wealth is called ________ aggression.
hostile; instrumental
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