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Highlights
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Multi-actor collaborations provide participants power to influence policymaking.
•Collaborations institutional design affects participants’ power to influence policy.
•Loosely integrated and inclusive collaborations provide the most power to influence.
•The presence of elected officials increases participants’ power to influence policy.
Abstract
Collaborative governance is becoming increasingly important as a mode of urban freight policymaking. Bringing together actors from private and public sectors in forums makes it possible to move beyond general discussions of delivery challenges to the innovation of joint solutions and lasting improvements to the freight transport system. For such cross-sector collaborations to function, participants must experience a sense of power to influence policy. The institutional design, i.e., the inclusiveness of the collaboration and the interdependence between the participants, may condition this possibility. Consequently, this article investigates how the institutional design of collaborative arrangements associated with urban freight affects participants’ perceptions of power to influence policymaking. We interviewed 37 participants in three different collaborations in Oslo, Norway. The results indicate that institutional design affects participants’ perceptions of power to influence policymaking. Inclusive collaborations, in which participants are not interdependent, provide participants with the most power to influence policy, rather than exclusive collaborations, in which participants are highly interdependent.
Keywords
Urban freight transport
Policymaking
Collaborative governance
Cross-sector collaboration
Political influence
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© 2022 World Conference on Transport Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
CHAPTER 14 – Direct Investment and Collaborative StrategiesWhy Exporting May Not Be Feasible?•Companies may find more advantages by producing in foreign countries than byexporting them. The advantages occur under six conditions:1.When production abroad is cheaper than at home2.When transportation costs to move goods or services internationally are too
expensive3.When companies lack domestic capacity4.When products and services need to be altered substantially to gain sufficientconsumer demand abroad5.When governments inhibit the import of foreign products6.When buyers prefer products originating from a particular countryFactors Affecting Operating Modes in International Business•In the above figure shows that companies must choose an international operating mode tofulfill their objectives and carry out their strategies•Companies may conduct international business operations independently or incollaboration with other companies. The choice will be determined both by externalfactors in the firms operating environment and by internal factors that include itsobjectives, strategies, and means of operation (eg. Such modes of international businessas exporting, franchising, etc)Foreign Expansion: Alternative Operating Modes•A firm may choose to operate globally either through equity arrangements (eg. Jointventure) or through nonequity arrangements (eg. Licensing). Exporting operations areconducted in the home country, while all other modes entail production in foreignlocations. The modes listed in the green boxes are collaborative arrangements. Not that,in any given location, a firm can conduct operations in multiple modes.
Company equipmentInternalization is rooted in ______.
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_________ use complementary resources so that participating companies can expand intonew business areas.
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When one company contracts with another to build complete, ready-to-use facilities isknown as which of the following collaborative arrangements?
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A resource-based view of a firm holds which of the following?
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Which of the following best demonstrates an issue that drawing up a contract shouldaddress?
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A manager is provided a trademark and resources to become a successful business. Givethis scenario, distinguish which of the following types of collaborative arrangements isbeing discussed?
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Which of the following best demonstrates how differences in culture can affect acollaborative arrangement?
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Which of the following is a possible combination for an international joint venture?
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Because the resources required to fund projects in the future are likely to _____,collaborative arrangements are likely to ________.
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Which of the following is an important consideration when profit potentials are high andwhen information sharing might increase potential competition?
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All are conditions under which a company might have an advantage producing in foreigncountries than exportingexceptfor which of the following?
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All are reasons for FDI rather than for collaborative arrangementsexceptfor what?