This set of Linux / Unix questions and answers focuses on various Unix administration commands. It will be useful for anyone learning basic Unix Administration. 1. Command used to determine the path of an executable file is Answer: a 2. Command used to count number of character in a file is Answer: b 3. Which of these commands could you use to show one page of output at a time? Answer:
a 4. Which commands will give you information about how much disk space each file in the current directory uses? Answer: c 5. Which of the following command output contains userid? Answer: d 6. Which command is used to display all the files including hidden files in your current and its subdirectories ? Answer: a 7. Which of the following commands can be used to copy files across systems? Answer: d 8. pwd command displays Answer: c
a) which
b) where
c) wexec
d) what
View Answer
Explanation: None.
a) grep
b) wc
c) count
d) cut
View Answer
Explanation: None.
a) less
b) sed
c) pause
d) grep
View Answer
Explanation: None.
a) ls -l
b) ls -la
c) du
d) ls -a
View Answer
Explanation: None.
a) ls
b) help
c) date
d) ls –l
View
Answer
Explanation: None.
a) ls –aR
b) ls –a
c) ls –R
d) ls –l
View Answer
Explanation: None.
a) ssh
b) telnet
c) rsh
d) ftp
View Answer
Explanation: None.
a) user password
b) password file content
c) present working directory
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer
Explanation: None.
9. Which of the following commands can be used to change default permissions for files and directories at the
time of creation
a) Chmod
b) Chown
c) Umask
d) Chgrp
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: None.
10. Which tar command option is used to list the files in a tape archive format?
a) cvf
b) tvf
c) xvf
d) ovf
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: None.
11. Which of the following commands will allow
the user to search contents of a file for a particular pattern
a) touch
b) grep
c) find
d) ls
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: None.
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Since the creation of Unix in the 1970s, a lot of operating systems have used it as their foundation. Many of these
operating systems failed, while others succeeded. Linux is one of the most popular Unix based operating systems. It's open source, and is used all over the world across many industries.
One amazing feature of the Linux operating system is the Command Line Interface (CLI) which allows users to interact with their computer from a shell. The Linux shell is a REPL (Read, Evaluate, Print, Loop) environment where users can enter a command and the shell runs it and returns a result.
The ls command is one of the many Linux commands that allow a user to list files or directories from the CLI.
In this article, we'll go in depth on the ls command and some of the most important flags you'll need day-to-day.
Prerequisites
- A computer with directories and files
- Have one of the Linux distros installed
- Basic knowledge of navigating around the CLI
- A smile on your face :)
The ls command is used to list files or directoriesin Linux and other Unix-based operating systems.
Just like you navigate in your File explorer or Finder with a GUI, the ls command allows you to list all files or directories in the current directory by default, and further interact with them via the command line.
Launch your terminal and type ls to see this in action:
How to list Files in a Directory with Options
The ls command also accepts some flags (also known as options) which are additional information that changes how files or directories are listed in your terminal.
In other words, flags change how the ls command works:
ls [flags] [directory]PS: The word contents used in throughout the article refers to the files and directories being listed, not the actual contents of the files/directories ?
List files in the current working directory
Type the ls command to list the contents of the current working directory:
List files in another directory
Type the ls [directory path here] command to list the contents of another directory:
List files in the root directory
Type the ls / command to list the contents of the root directory:
List files in the parent directory
Type the ls .. command to list the contents of the parent directory one level above. Use ls ../.. for contents two levels above:
List files in the user's home directory (/home/user)
Type the ls ~ command to list the contents in the users's home directory:
List only directories
Type the ls -d */ command to list only directories:
List files with subdirectories
Type the ls * command to list the contents of the directory with it's subdirectories:
List files recursively
Type the ls -R command to list all files and directories with their corresponding subdirectories down to the last file:
If you have a lot of files, this can take a very long time to complete as every single file in each directory will be printed out. You can instead specify a directory to run this command in, like so: ls Downloads -R
List files with their sizes
Type the ls -s command (the s is lowercase) to list files or directories with their sizes:
List files in long format
Type the ls -l command to list the contents of the directory in a table format with columns including:
- content permissions
- number of links to the content
- owner of the content
- group owner of the content
- size of the content in bytes
- last modified date / time of the content
- file or directory name
List files in long format with readable file sizes
Type the ls -lh command to list the files or directories in the same table format above, but with another column representing the size of each file/directory:
Note that sizes are listed in bytes (B), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB) when the file or directory's size is larger than 1024 bytes.
List files including hidden files
Type the ls -a command to list files or directories including hidden files or directories. In Linux, anything that begins with a . is considered a hidden file:
List files in long format including hidden files
Type the ls -l -a or ls -a -l or ls -la or ls -al command to list files or directories in a table format with extra information including hidden files or directories:
List files and sort by date and time
Type the ls -t command to list files or directories and sort by last modified date in descending order (biggest to smallest).
You can also add a -r flag to reverse the sorting order like so: ls -tr:
List files and sort by file size
Type the ls -S (the S is uppercase) command to list files or directories and sort by size in descending order (biggest to smallest).
You can also add a -r flag to reverse the sorting order like so: ls -Sr:
List files and output the result to a file
Type the ls > output.txt command to print the output of the preceding command into an output.txt file. You can use any of the flags discussed before like -la — the key point here is that the result will be outputted into a file and not logged to the command line.
Then you can use the file as you see fit, or log the contents of the file with cat output.txt:
Conclusion
There are tons of other commands and combinations you can explore to list out files and directories based on your needs. One thing to remember is the ability to combine multiple commands together at once.
Imagine you want to list a file in long format, including hidden files, and sort by file size. The command would be ls -alS, which is a combination of ls -l, ls -a, and ls -S.
If you forget any command or are unsure about what to do, you can run ls --help or man ls which will display a manual with all possible options for the ls command:
Thanks for reading!
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