QuestionAnswer When should head be steadily supported when sitting and can raise head & chest when prone? 4 months When should infants sit in tripod position? by 6 months When does the infant's posterior fontanel close? by 2 to 3 months When does the infant's anterior fontanel close? 12 to 18 months How many ounces should infants gain per week the first 6 months of age? 5 - 7 oz How much do infants grow per month in the first month of age? 2.5 cm or 1 inch per month The circumference of infants' heads increases approximately ____ per month the first 6 months of life? 1.5 cm (0.6in) What gross motor skills/fine motor skills should a 2 month old exhibit -Gross motor skills: Lifting head off mattress -Fine motor skills: Holds hands in an open position At 3 months what gross motor skills should the infant exhibit? -Raises head and shoulders off mattress Which fine motor skills should a 3 month old exhibit? -No longer has grasp reflex -Keeps hands loosely open At which age should infants be able to put objects in mouth? 4 months At which age should the baby be able to hold bottle? 6 months At what age should an infant be able to sit down from a standing position without assistance? 12 months/1 year By the end of this period, has primary teeth 3 - 6 years (preschool age The toddle period covers ages 1 to 3 years Preschool Age Play Associative play Plays in groups Rules may or may not be defined Preschool Age Children Nutrition Develops strong preferences Prefers to eat the same food at each meal Can feed self Growth slows By the end of this period, has all primary teeth Climbs stairs, jumps, and runs with increasing skill Increased mobility Language development: Egocentric, knows colors Is developing socialization skills, differentiates gender; Less protest @ naptime ;dislikes bedtime:Magical thinking:Prefers routine When does growth plateu school age years: 6 to 12 When does growth plateau? School age 6-12 yrs Stranger anxiety starts at what age? 6 months For which age group could the nurse use play as an effective means of communicating? Younger school-age children *Infants communicate non-verbally Older school-age children may communicate their feelings about surgery or treatment through Through journaling or direct conversation How should the nurse communicate with toddlers? Toddlers respond well to clear, concise verbal messages. A 4-year-old scores two failures on the Denver II. Which of the following statements is most accurate? The child is at risk for school problems and should be retested. A teenager refuses to wear the clothes his mother bought for him. He states he wants to look like the other kids at school and wear clothes like they wear. The nurse explains this behavior is an example of: Identity vs Role confusion Indicators of hearing loss in an infant: -No startle reaction to loud noises -Does not turn towards sounds by 4 months of age* -Babbles as a young infant, but stops babbling and does not develop speech sounds after 6 months of age Indicators of hearing loss in a young child: -No speech by 2 years of age -Speech sounds are not distinct at appropriate ages To assess the height of an 18-month-old child who is brought to the clinic for routine examination, the nurse should: Measure arm span to est adult height. Use a tape measure. Use a horizontal measuring board. Have the child stand on an upright scale Horizontal measuring board (preferred for kids under 2) When assessing a preschool age child's mouth, how many deciduous teeth should the nurse expect to find? Up to 10. 11 to 15. 16 to 20. Up to 32. 16 to 20 When do permanent teeth begin to erupt? Permanent teeth begin to erupt about he age of 6 as deciduous teeth fall out Screening for strabismus (crossed eyes) and amblyopia (reduced vision in one or both eyes) should be part of the physical assessment of which children? -All children under 18. -Infants. -Preschool children. -School-age children. pre-school age children In infants, a positive Babinski reflex is: An indication of a neurological problem. Dorsiflexion of the toes. Fanning of the toes. Withdrawing the foot from the stimulus. Fanning of the toes. Rationale: A positive Babinski in infants is a fanning of the toes when a stimulus is applied to the foot along the lateral edge and across the ball. The response disappears by about age 2. When assessing a child for strabismus, the nurse should select which of the following eye tests? The Snellen eye chart. The cover-uncover test. An ophthalmoscope exam. The convergence test. the cover-uncover test When assessing a 4-year-old child with a persistent cough, the nurse would assess respirations by observing which muscle group? Thoracic. Abdominal. Accessory. Intercostal. Abdominal When assessing the fontanels of a 6-week-old infant, how soon does the nurse expect the posterior fontanel to close? By 3 months. By 6 months. By 12 months. By 18 months. 3 months In assessing a child, the nurse should be aware that autonomic infant reflexes: Disappear at about 1 year of age. Include palmar grasp, stepping, and rooting. Begin about 6 months of age. Continue until the preschool years Include palmar grasp, stepping, and rooting. Rationale: The autonomic infant reflexes are present at birth in full-term infants, and some, like the Babinski, may persist until 2 years of age. The palmar grasp, stepping, and rooting reflexes are three The nurse who is examining a child understands that visual acuity of 20/20 as measured by the Snellen chart is reached by age: 2 years. 4 years. 6 years. 8 years. 6 yrs of age Rationale: While difficult to assess directly in infants and young children, visual acuity does not approach that of adults until school age or about 6 years. The nurse would assess for which of the following as the most frequent cause of decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in children? Dietary deficiency. Excess fluid intake. Chronic blood loss. Frequent cuts and bruises. Dietary deficiency Rationale: The major reason for low hemoglobin and hematocrit in infants and children is deficiency of iron intake through diet. Iron-fortified rice cereal is the first solid food recommended for infants beginning about 4 months When examining the child, the nurse should remember that tonsillar tissue: Enlarges until adolescence and then shrinks. Continues to enlarge throughout childhood and adolescence. Is readily visible in toddlers. Normally has a small amount of exudate. Enlarges until adolescence and then shrinks. Rationale: Tonsils enlarge throughout childhood and gradually begin to shrink with puberty. Exudate should not be present on tonsils. Which of the following should be included in the child's health history? Blood pressure 80/40. Mother states child has a rash. Child appears feverish. Diminished reflexes. Mother states child has a rash. Rationale: The history deals with subjective data, that which is reported by parents, An example of objective information about a child obtained by the nurse is: Allergy to peanuts. Uses inhaler once a day for asthma. Two-inch scar on right lower leg. Appendectomy 6 months ago. Two-inch scar on right lower leg. Rationale: Objective data is An example of objective information about a child obtained by the nurse is: Allergy to peanuts. Uses inhaler once a day for asthma. Two-inch scar on right lower leg. Appendectomy 6 months ago. Two-inch scar on right lower leg. Rationale: Objective data is that which the nurse obtains through physical assessment or diagnostic studies. The presence of a scar is objective data. Other selections listed are part of the health history When observing an 18mo child, the nurse notes a roundedbelly, sway back, bowlegs, and slightly large head. The conclusion is its a normal toddler Which of the following infants should receive a nutritional supplement? A baby whose: -Family has well water. -Mother is anemic. -Brother has cystic fibrosis. -Grandmother has diabetes. -Family has well water. Rationale: Well water lacks fluoride, which should be given as a supplement for healthy teeth development. An anemic mother should receive iron supplements, but not the infant. No supplements are required for CF or diabetes In providing her 8-month-old child's medical history the mother states the child had an MMR vaccine. The nurse taking the history should: -Plan to administer the MMR booster. -Plan to administer another MMR vaccine after the child is 1-year-old. Plan to administer another MMR vaccine at 12 months. Even if the child has had the vaccine, it will need to be repeated. The first(MMR) should be administered between 12 to 15 months. The second is given at age 4 to 6 years or 11 to 12 years.
At which age would the nurse expect permanent dentition to erupt 1 2 years 2 3 years 3 4 years 4 5 years?
Most children have a full set of primary teeth by the time they are 3 years old. The child's jaws continue to grow, making room for the permanent (adult) teeth that will begin to erupt at about age 6 years. Primary teeth begin to shed between ages 6 and 7 years. This process continues until about age 12 years.
When assessing the oral cavity of a 2.5 year old toddler which finding is expected?
When assessing a 2.5 year old, the nurse would expect him or her to have: 20 deciduous teeth. RATIONALE: Children develop their first tooth at about 6 months. By 21/2, they typically have all 20 of their deciduous teeth.
At what age would the nurse expect permanent dentition to erupt?
Rationale. The eruption of permanent dentition typically begins at the age of 5 years, not 2 years, 3 years, or 4 years.
Which type of cognitive development is indicated when a 14 month old toddler is able to recognize the shapes of objects and fit smaller boxes into larger boxes?
A 14-month-old toddler is able to recognize the shapes of objects and fit smaller boxes into larger boxes. Which type of cognitive development does this action indicate? The toddler's ability to recognize the shapes of objects and fit smaller boxes in larger boxes indicates awareness of spatial relationships.