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Where did the Brown vs. Board case originate from?
Topeka, Kansas
Why did the Brown vs Board of Education case occur?
In Topeka, Kansas 1954, Linda Brown's father beleived his daughter should not have to walk 21 blocks over dangerous railerways past a Whites Only school to get the her Blacks only school that was disadvantaged and lacked sufficient resources. Mr Brown felt the schools should be integrated as Black schools weren't ad well funded as white schools.
Linda's father Oliver Brown (tried to enroll her in the white elementary school but the principal of the school refused).
What did Mr. Brown do to try bring integration of the schools?
Firstly Mr. Brown took the case to the State Court where he argued that it was unfair Linda had to walk further and attend a worse off school. There the Court deemed that the schools were "Separate but equal". This was not the result Mr. Brown wanted.
Brown went to McKinley Burnett, head of Topeka's branch of the NAACP, and asked them for help.
Who was McKinley Burnett?
≥ McKinley Burnett, head of Topeka's branch of the NAACP.
≥ Burnett persuaded 13 families to enroll their children in white schools and all of them were denied, so in February 1951 the NAACP filed suit.
What was McKinley Burnett planning to do with the "right plaintiff"?
He had long wanted to challenge segregation in public schools, but needed the "right plaintiff at the right time".
US District Court for the District of Kansas hear Brown's case from June 25th-26th, 1951.
≥ NAACP argued that segregated schools sent the message to black children that they were inferior to whites; therefore schools were in-equal
≥ The Board of Education's defence was that, because segregation pervades many other aspects of life, segregated schools simply prepared black children for the segregation they would face during adulthood, also argued that schools were not harmful to black children.
Outcome of the 1951 hearing in the District of Kansas District-Court.
Board won.
The court felt compelled to rule in favour of Board of Education as Plessy vs Ferguson's precedent had not been overturned yet.
What was Plessy vs. Ferguson?
Case in which the U.S. Supreme Court, on May 18th, 1896, by a seven-to-one majority (one justice did not participate), advanced the controversial "separate but equal" doctrine for assessing the constitutionality of racial segregation laws.
Which case was the first to challenge the Fourteenth Amendment's of 1868?
Plessy v. Ferguson was the first major inquiry into the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment's (1868) equal-protection clause.
What is meant by "separate but equal"?
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racially separate facilities, if equal, did not violate the Constitution. Segregation, the Court said, was not discrimination.
Why was the "separate but equal" doctrine important?
The Court unanimously declared racially segregated schools an unconstitutional violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.
What ended the "separate but equal" doctrine?
The 1954 Brown vs. Board case brought an end to the "separate but equal" doctrine.
What was the Supreme Court's opinion of the Brown vs. Board case?
Brown's and the NAACP's case appealed to the Supreme Court. It had a hearing on December 9th, 1952 but failed to reach a decision.
Outcome of the 1954 Supreme Court hearing of the Brown vs. Board case?
≥ The Supreme Court struck down the 'separate but equal' doctrine of Plessy for public education.
≥ Required the desegregation of schools across America
≥ Decision did not abolish segregation in other public areas, declared the mandatory segregation existent in 21 states unconstitutional.
Who was Chief Justice Earl Warren?
U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. State-sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional.
Who were the Little Rock Nine?
They were nine African American students who wished to enroll in Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.
What happened during the Little Rock Nine situation?
The governor of Arkansas wouldn't allow the "Little Rock nine" access to the school. President Eisenhower then mobilized the 101st airborne division to force the school to admit the students.
What was the impact of the Little Rock nine situation?
It tested the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
What was the significance of the Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka?
≥ Schools in the South now had to be desegregated and mixed classes could theoretically reduce racial tensions as people mix and see each other on an equal footing.
≥ Showed the Supreme Court could now be used as a tool of striking down racist laws.
≥ The scale of the judgement 9-0 sent a clear message that racism was unacceptable in American society.
An evaluation of the Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka ruling.
≥ Schools remained segregated in the South despite the case bringing de jure change
≥ Many white parents ensured their children went to white schools that were white in everything but not name - noone could force them to send their children to schools in black areas of towns or cities.
≥ Little Rock in 1957 is an example of how the legal case didn't change things immediately.
How did this case continue to provoke change in the Black Civil Rights Movement and eventually lead to the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
Feeling triumph and victory, the Brown vs Board of Education case in 1954 acted as a catalyst in continuing to strengthen the Black Civil Rights movement and the Black community. For the first time, the Black community felt empowered as the highest court in all the land had proven to be on their side. Therefore giving the Black community strength and confidence to continue trying to make changes and bring Integration into a segregated America. These feelings and confidence and determination lead to the Montgomery Bus Boycott as the Black community felt that by changing the school system, many other public facilities such as buses can be integrated too.
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