| crime | conduct in Violation of the criminal laws of a state, country, or local gov. |
| individual rights | the rights guaranteed to all members of American society by the U.S. constitution |
| Bill of Rights | The first 10 amendments to the constitution |
| US Patriot Act of 2001 | A federal law inacted in response to terorist acts on World Trade Center and Pentagon Sept. 11, 2001 |
| individual rights advocate | one who seeks to protect personal freedom within the process of criminal justice |
| public-order advocate | one who believes that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedents over individual rights |
| justice | the principle of fairness; the ideal of moral equity |
| criminal law | the law of criminal procedure and the array of procedures and activities having to do with the enforcement of this body of law |
| civil justice | the law of civil procedure, having to do with private rights and remedies sought by civil action |
| social justice | an idea that embraces all aspects of civilized life and is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong |
| criminal justice system | Everything that has to do with criminal justice: law enforcement, courts and corrections |
| consensus model | perspective that assumes that the systems of components work together harmoniously to achieve justice |
| conflict model | a pespective that assumes that the system's components function primarily to serve their own interest |
| warrant | a writ issued by a judicial officer directing a law enforcement officer to perform a specified act and affording the officer protection from damages if he or she performs it |
| booking | a process officially recording the person, the place, the time, the reason for the arrest and the arresting authority |
| bail | the money or property pledged to the court or actually deposited with the court to effect the release of a person from legal custody |
| preliminary hearing | a proceeding before a judicial officer in which three matters must be decided: was a crime commited, did it occur within the court's jurisdiction, and whether there are reasonable evidence |
| probable cause | facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent person that someone has committed a crime |
| indictment | written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specific person has commited a specific offense, usually a felony |
| grand jury | a group of jurors who have been selected according to law and have been sworn to hear the evidence and to decide if there is enough evidence to bring to trial |
| araignment | the hearing before a court having jurisdiction in a criminal casein which the identity of the defendent is established, the defendent is informed of the charge and of his or her rights, and the defendent is required to enter a plea |
| trial | the examination in court of the issues of fact and relevent law for the purpose of convicting or acquitting |
| consectutive sentence | two or more sentence imposed at the same time, must be served in sequence |
| concurrent sentence | serving multiple sentences at the same time |
| due process | guaranteed in several amendments...guarantees individual rights incuding a fair trial for those accused of a crime |
| crime-control model | criminal justice perspective that emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders |
| due process model | emphasizes individual rights at all stages of justice system processing |
| social control | abc |
| criminology | xyz |
Many of the rights and liberties Americans cherish—such as freedom of speech, religion, and due process of law—were not enumerated in the original Constitution drafted at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787, but were included in the first ten amendments, known as the Bill of Rights. How much do you know about the Bill of Rights? Check out these handy FAQs to learn all about it. The Bill of Rights is the first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution. These amendments guarantee essential rights and civil liberties, such as the right to free speech and the right to bear arms, as well as reserving rights to the people and the states. The Bill of Rights has its own fascinating story as a distinct historical document, drafted
separately from the seven articles that form the body of the Constitution. But ever since the first 10 amendments were ratified in 1791, the Bill of Rights has also been an integral part of the Constitution. How many original copies of the Bill of Rights exist? Where are they? Congress commissioned 14 official copies of the Bill of Rights—one for the federal government and one for each of the original 13 states, which President George Washington dispatched to the
states to consider for ratification.
Today, most of these original copies reside at the archives of their respective states. The federal government’s copy is on display at the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C.—alongside the original, handwritten copies of the U.S. Constitution and the Declaration of Independence.
Four states are missing their copies: Georgia, Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania. Two unidentified copies are known to have survived; one is in the Library of Congress, and the other is in the collection of The New York Public Library.
North Carolina’s copy of the Bill of Rights was missing for nearly 140 years after being stolen by a Union soldier during the Civil War. The National Constitution Center played a key role in the recovery of the document in 2003, including assisting in an FBI sting operation.
Why wasn’t the Bill of Rights included in the original Constitution?
Toward the end of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, George Mason, a delegate from Virginia, proposed adding a bill of rights, which would, he argued, give great quiet to the people” and “might be prepared in a few hours.”
The state delegations unanimously rejected Mason’s proposal. Some delegates reasoned that a federal bill of rights was unnecessary because most state constitutions already included some form of guaranteed rights; others said that outlining certain rights would imply that those were the only rights reserved to the people. However, historian Richard Beeman, a former Trustee of the National Constitution Center, has pointed out a much more prosaic reason the delegates were so skeptical: They had spent four arduous months of contentious debate in a hot, stuffy room, and were anxious to avoid anything that would prolong the convention. They wanted to go home, so they took a pass. A bill of rights was overruled.
The Constitution was signed by 39 delegates on September 17, 1787, at the Pennsylvania State House, now known as Independence Hall, in Philadelphia. Three delegates were present but refused to sign, in part because of the absence of a bill of rights: George Mason, Edmund Randolph, and Elbridge Gerry.
After the Convention, the absence of a bill of rights emerged as a central part of the ratification debates. Anti-Federalists, who opposed ratification, viewed its absence as a fatal flaw. Several states ratified the Constitution on the condition that a bill of rights would be promptly added, and many even offered suggestions for what to include.
Pauline Maier, author of Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788, noted of these proponents of a bill of rights:
“Without their determined opposition, the first ten amendments would not have become a part of the Constitution for later generations to transform into a powerful instrument for the defense of American freedom. … Their example might well be their greatest gift to posterity.”
Who wrote the Bill of Rights?
After the Constitution was ratified in 1788, James Madison, who had already helped draft much of the original Constitution, took up the task of drafting a bill of rights. Madison largely drew from the Virginia Declaration of Rights, which was primarily written by George Mason in 1776 (two months before the Declaration of Independence); he also drew from amendments suggested by the states’ ratifying conventions.
Madison drafted 19 amendments, which he proposed to Congress on June 8, 1789. The House of Representatives narrowed those down to 17; then the Senate, with the approval of the House, narrowed them down to 12. These 12 were approved on September 25, 1789, and sent to the states for ratification.
When was the Bill of Rights ratified?
The 10 amendments that are now known as the Bill of Rights were ratified on December 15, 1791, and thus became part of the Constitution.
The first two amendments in the 12 that Congress proposed to the states were rejected: The first dealt with apportioning representation in the House of Representatives; the second prevented members of Congress from voting to change their pay until the next session of Congress. This original “Second Amendment” was finally added to the Constitution as the 27th Amendment, more than 200 years later.
Bill of Rights Day is observed on December 15 each year, as called for by a joint resolution of Congress that was approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941.
Where was the Bill of Rights written?
The Bill of Rights was drafted in New York City, where the federal government was operating out of Federal Hall in 1789. (The Declaration of Independence and the original, unamended Constitution were written and signed in Philadelphia.)
Why is the Bill of Rights so important?
The Bill of Rights represents the first step that “We the People” took in amending the Constitution “in Order to form a more perfect Union.” The original, unamended Constitution was a remarkable achievement, establishing a revolutionary structure of government that put power in the hands of the people. The Bill of Rights built on that foundation, protecting our most cherished American freedoms, including freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and due process of law. For more than two centuries—as we have exercised, restricted, expanded, tested, and debated those freedoms—the Bill of Rights has shaped and been shaped by what it means to be American.