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| learning | relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience |
| classical conditioning | type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response |
| neutral stimulus | stimulus that before conditioning does not naturally bring about the response of interest |
| unconditioned stimulus | stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned |
| unconditioned response | response that's natural and needs no training |
| conditioned stimulus | a once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus |
| conditioned response | response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus |
| classical conditioning application? | experimenters sounded loud noise just as they showed the baby a rat. the noise evoked fear but after a couple times, the baby associated the two together so the baby began to fear rats and then anything similar |
| operant conditioning application? | put hungry cat into cage and it learns to open the cage door to get food outside of cage |
| extinction | learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears |
| spontaneous recovery | the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning |
| stimulus generalization | process that occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus thats similar to the original conditioned stimulus |
| stimulus discrimination | process that occurs if 2 stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that evoked conditioned response but the other does not |
| operant conditioning | learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences |
| Edward Thorndike's law of effect | responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated |
| Little Albert Experiment-john watson | made a loud noise while showing baby a rat and he then associated the two leading to him being afraid of rats and anything similar knowing a loud noise would occur |
| reinforcement | process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated |
| positive reinforcer | stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response |
| negative reinforcer | unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future |
| punishment | stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again |
| disadvantages of punishment? | frequently ineffective;many convey that physical aggression is okay; doesn't convey what the right behavior is |
| schedules of reinforcement | different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior |
| continuous reinforcement schedule | reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs |
| partial reinforcement schedule | reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time |
| fixed-ratio schedule | schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of response are made |
| variable-ratio schedule | schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number |
| fixed-interval schedule | schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low |
| variable-interval schedule | schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed |
| shaping | process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| token economy | rewards a person for desired behavior with a token such as a token or play money |
| behavior modification | a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones |
| observational learning | learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model |
| Albert Bandura's classical experiment | young children watched film that showed adults hitting a bobo doll and later when the kids where allowed to play with the doll, they acted like the adults and hit them |
| systemic desensitization | behavioral technique in which gradual exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety |
| what treatment is systemic desensitization used for? | to treat anxiety |
| cognitive learning | an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning |
What is it called when learning takes place by rewarding successive approximations of the desired behavior?
Shaping. In his operant conditioning experiments, Skinner often used an approach called shaping. Instead of rewarding only the target behavior, in shaping, we reward successive approximations of a target behavior.
What is the difference between a reflex and learned behavior?
A reflex is a behavior that humans are born knowing how to do, such as sucking or blushing; these behaviors happen automatically in response to stimuli in the environment. Learned behaviors are things that humans are not born knowing how to do, such as swimming and surfing.
What is the shaping of behavior through the use of punishments and rewards?
Developed by B.F Skinner, operant conditioning is a way of learning by means of rewards and punishments. This type of conditioning holds that a certain behavior and a consequence, either a reward or punishment, have a connection which brings about learning.
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations or baby steps of a target behavior?
Shaping is commonly defined as: The differential reinforcement of successive approximations toward a target behavior.