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- Social Science
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- Developmental Psychology
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Terms in this set (179)
regulation
Emotion _________________ plays a key role for young children when managing the demands and conflicts that arise when interacting with others.
Emotion-coaching parents
What is the name given to parents who monitor children's emotions, view negative emotions as teaching moments, assist in labeling emotions, and train their children in how to deal effectively with emotions?
the basic cry, the pain cry, the anger cry
Which of the following are types of infant cries?
Reflexive
Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli?
6 months; 18 months
In general, infant fear first emerges ______________ months and peaks at about ________________ months.
anxiety
The term stranger ________________ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.
7 to 8 months
In the United States, separation protest typically begins at about the age of:
thumb sucking, rocking and stroking, swaddling
Which of the following actions soothe infants?
developmental strategies that children of different ages use to communicate emotions
Two-year-old Shelly was badly frightened by the neighbor's dog, so she told her mom, "Feel bad, dog scare." Her little brother, Kyle, age one, simply cried and had to be comforted. This illustrates:
John Watson
_____________ ____________ was the behaviorist who argued that parents spent too much time responding to infant crying, thus rewarding the behavior and increasing its incidence.
Occur regularly
The most current and common thinking among developmentalists as to how much soothing of infants should occur is that is should:
18 to 24 months
Self-conscious emotions develop around the age of
self-conscious emotions
What type of emotions include embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?
self-conscious
In order to experience _______________ emotions, children must be able to refer to and be aware of themselves as distinct from others.
True
True or False: By age 4, a child's emotional vocabulary has increased.
The ability to control one's emotions
What is the major milestone of early childhood?
regulation
An important component of self-regulation of executive function is emotional __________________.
Children in middle and late childhood have difficulty suppressing their negative emotional reactions.
Which statement is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood?
middle; late
As children progress through _______________(early/middle/late) and ________________(early/middle/late) childhood years, they come to recognize emotions, are able to identify and explain them, are increasingly concerned with self-regulating them, and appreciate that they can be ambiguous.
how children cope with stress using cognitive strategies that develop as they get older
Adam's teacher, Mr. Booker, didn't say hello to him when they passed in the hall. Adam told himself that Mr. Booker was probably thinking about something and didn't notice him. This is an illustration of:
panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression
A disaster can have damaging effects on a child including which of the following? (select all that apply)
protect children from preexposure to frightening situations and reminders of the trauma, reassure children of their safety and security, allow retelling of events
Which of the following techniques should adults use to help children cope with the stress of devastating events?
normal
Adolescents can become moody from time to time, and it is important for parents to recognize that moodiness during adolescence is ________________.
intelligence
Being skilled at perceiving and expressing emotion, understanding emotion, using feelings to facilitate thought, and managing emotions effectively is a description of emotional _______________.
integration
The emotional development of adulthood is considered as the adaptive ______________ of emotional experience into daily life.
using a tend-and-befriend pattern
Research finds that women are more vulnerable to social and life stressors and respond by ______________.
fewer emotion highs and lows
Compared with younger adults, older adults experience:
socioemotional selectivity theory
Which theory explains why older adults spend more time with close friends and family members?
emotional
Older adults are motivated to spend more time pursuing ________________ satisfaction.
social
Selective narrowing of _______________ interactions maximizes positive emotional experiences and minimizes emotional risks as individuals become older.
self-conscious
After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 15 to 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotions?
suppress or control negative emotional reactions
Nine-year-old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This example illustrates that in the middle-to-late childhood, children learn to:
emotions
Tanya's father tells her that he is proud of her and this causes the 10-year-old girl to smile broadly. This is an example of how children in middle and late childhood develop an increased ability to understand more complex _________________.
making choices about a life partner, having predictable lifestyles, making decisions about occupations
Emotional changes in adulthood include methods that characterize which of the following? (select all that apply)
fight or flight response
Men have observed to react to stress with a _______________ or _______________ response, which can involve either aggressive actions or a withdrawal response.
easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up
Match the following author with the description of their temperament models:
Chess & Thomas
degrees of inhibition to the unfamiliar
Match the following
author with the description of their temperament models:
Kagan
extraversion, negative affectivity, effortful control
Match the following author with the description of their temperament models:
Rothbart & Bates
easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up
Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?
easy child
Eight-month-old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) _____________ child.
difficult child
Six-month-old John often reacts negativity and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) _______________ child.
low; negative; low
A slow-to-warm-up child has a ___________ activity level, is somewhat _____________, and displays ____________ intensity of mood.
Kagan
Which theorist developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition?
Rothbart & Bates
Which theorist developed a temperament classification system involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control?
extraversion/surgency
According to Rothbart & Bates, positive anticipation, impulsivity, activity level, and sensation seeking are all in the temperament classification of:
negative affectivity
Rothbart & Bates' temperament classification category of _______________ ________________ includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. Children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often.
effortful control
Rothbart & Bates' temperament classification category of _______________ control includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstration inhibition.
temperament
Kagan believes that ___________ has both physiological and experimental bases.
gender, caregivers reaction, intelligence
Which of the following is an important factor shaping one's temperament?
well-adjusted
When a person has an easy temperament during childhood, which of the following is most likely to describe their behaviors during young adulthood?
Many aspects of an environment can encourage or discourage the ongoing aspects of a temperament
Which of the following statements is true of the development of temperament?
goodness of fit
The match between a child's temperament and the environment demands with which the child must cope is known by the term:
higher levels of parental responsiveness, higher levels of parental sensibility, higher parental involvement
Research has found that decreases in infants negative emotionality are linked to which of the following? (select all that apply)
Temperament
________________ refers to an individuals' behavioral style and characteristic emotional responses.
physiology
Kagan believes that children inherit a ______________ that biases them in terms of temperament.
Jill
Jack and Jill are twins. Based on research, if both babies are crying, their mother will most likely respond to ______________ (Jack/Jill) simply because of gender.
Infants become attached to the person who provides oral satisfaction
Match the theorist with the description of his attachment
theory:
Freud
a sense of trust is the foundation for attachment
Match the theorist with the description of his attachment theory:
Erikson
infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments
Match the theorist with the description of his attachment theory:
Bowlby
contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process, feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process
Which of the following statements are true in regard to Harlow's conclusions based on the study of infant monkeys? (select all that apply)
there are four phases of attachment, infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments, attachment is important for survival
Which of the following statements apply to Bowlby's concept of attachment? (select all that apply)
children instinctively direct attachment to human figures
Match Bowlby's phase of attachment with it's description:
Phase 1: birth to 2 months
attachment becomes focused on one figure
Match
Bowlby's phase of attachment with it's description:
Phase 2: 2 to 7 months
specific attachments develop
Match Bowlby's phase of attachment with it's description:
Phase 3: 7 to 24 months
children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans
Match Bowlby's phase of attachment with it's description:
Phase 4: 24
months on
influences the child's subsequent responses to other people
Bowlby's internal working model of attachment eventually:
Strange
________________ situation was created by Mary Ainsworth as an observational measure of infant attachment.
He is a securely attached baby
Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?
Securely
_________________ attached infants feel comfortable and safe to explore the environment.
He is an insecure avoidant baby.
Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back to her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?
resistant
According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure _________________ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
disorganized
According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ___________ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.
Personality
_______________ refers to the enduring personal characteristics of individuals.
Self-understanding
Children's cognitive representations of themselves make up their concept of:
optimistic
Young children are overly ______________ about their self-descriptions.
True
True or False: Young children use many material characteristics (size, shape, and color) to distinguish themselves from others.
perspective taking
What is defined as the ability to understand or be sympathetic to another person?
possible self
Carlos is 13. He hopes that by the age of 30 he will be a married college graduate with two kids. He is imagining a _______________.
review
Life ____________ involves adults looking back at they experiences and evaluating, interpreting, and often reinterpreting those experiences.
Self-esteem
Self-_______________ is also referred to as self-worth, or self-image.
By the middle school years, girls self-esteem is significantly higher than that of boys.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the findings about gender differences in self-esteem during childhood and adolescence?
regulation
Self-_____________ gives individuals the ability to control their behavior without having to rely on others' help.
optimization
Selective _______________ with compensation theory states that older adults can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to tasks they want to master.
older adults have a reduces capacity and loss of functioning , which require a reduction in performance in most life domains
In selective optimization with compensation theory, the term selection refers to the concept that:
optimization
When referring to the selection optimization with compensation theory, _______________ suggests that is is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies.
in circumstances with high mental demands, when performing tasks that require quick reactions, in circumstances with high physical demands
According to selective optimization with compensation theory, when do older adults need to compensate later in life?
self; identity
The _______________ consists of all characteristics of a person. ________________ refers to who a person is and represents a synthesis and integration of self-understanding.
concept
Self-_______________ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.
narcissistic parents
Which kind of parents are likely to give their children inflated praise?
regulation
Emmanuel often monitors his thoughts and behaviors throughout the day to ensure that his is being respectful and appropriate. Emmanuel is demonstrating self-_______________.
compensation
In selective optimization with compensation theory, _____________ becomes relevant when life tasks require more capacity than an older adult currently exhibits.
Work and friendship are more important than family
Match the following personal life investments at each developmental stage:
25 to 34 years of age
Family becomes more important than friends
Match the following personal life investments at each developmental stage:
35 to 65 years of age
Health becomes most important
Match the following personal life investments at each developmental stage:
85 to 105 years of age
Very little change occurs in personal investments
Match the following personal life investments at each developmental stage:
70 to 84 years of age
quality of life, decreased depression, less obesity
In older adults is had been found that self control plays a role in which of the following? (Select all that apply)
selection strategies
Strategies that include focusing on the most important goal at a particular time, committing to one or two major goals, and reaching a particular goal while abandoning others are known as:
Optimization Strategies
When older adults keep working on what they have planned until they are successful, preserve and keep trying until they reach their goals, and show patience until the right moment arrives, these are examples of:
compensation strategies
____________ strategies that can help older adults include searching for other ways to achieve what one wants, being willing to let others help, and trying new ways to achieve similar results.
health, life history, value
Selective optimization with compensation helps older adults deal with loss. This may vary as a result of a differing _______________ of the older adults. (Check all that apply)
optimization
Louise is seventy years old and has permanently lost the sight in her right eye. Louise is adapting to this loss as a result of selective _____________ with compensation theory.
increased
Match the appropriate changes in
self-esteem to the correct developmental stages:
twenties
rose considerably
Match the appropriate changes in self-esteem to the correct developmental stages:
fifties and sixties
dropped significantly
Match the appropriate changes in self-esteem to the correct developmental stages:
seventies and eighties
leveled off
Match the appropriate changes in self-esteem to the correct developmental stages:
thirties and forties
Middle-SES, intellectually gifted women born about 1910, Harvard graduates born about 1920, Socially dis
On which three groups did George Vaillant perform longitudinal studies of adult development and aging? (Check all that apply)
happy well, sad-sick, dead
George Vaillant collected data from individuals in their 50s and used it to predict whether they were likely to end up in which of the following three groups by the age of 75 to 80 years? (Check all that apply)
continue to change
Researchers have found that personality traits ________________ in late adulthood.
more adept; increased
A cumulative personality model states that with time and age people become ____________ at interacting with their environment in ways that promote __________ stability in personality.
bicultural identity
Individuals who identify both with their own ethnic minority group and with the minority group have developed a _____________ identity.
aggression
Various studies have found links between ethnic identity and all of the following, except:
identity
Religious beliefs, political views, relationship status, personality, and sexual orientation are components of a person's __________________.
synthesize childhood identities and identifications, sort through childhood experiences and identities, construct a viable path toward adult maturity
Adolescence is unique because for the first time, physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development advance to the point that individuals can do which THREE of the following things?
identity confusion
According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life during the identity-versus-_____________-_____________ stage of development.
psychosocial moratorium
According to Erikson, the gap between childhood security and adult responsibility is a period known as ___________________ ___________________.
identity confusion
According to Erikson, adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer:
identity
More contemporary views on _____________ suggests that is is flexible and adaptive, open to changes in society and relationships.
narrative
The stories people construct and tell about themselves to define who they are for themselves and others is a description of their _____________ identity.
must be mad again and again
According to contemporary identity theorists, decisions ______________ during the process of identity development.
crisis and commitment
According to Marcia, individuals' identity status is based on the existence or extent of their ______________ and ______________.
crisis, or exploration
According to Marcia, the period in identity development when individuals are exploring alternatives is called:
Personal investment in identity
How is commitment defined by Marcia?
Absence pf both crisis and commitment
What determines identity diffusion?
identity foreclosure
Which of the following statuses describes who has made a commitment without experiencing a crisis?
presence of a crisis but not of a commitment
What defines identity moratorium?
Presence of both a crisis and a commitment
What defines identity achievement?
Many young adolescents are identity foreclosed
Which of the following statements regarding identity statuses is FALSEE?
must be able to take a self-reflective stance toward the future, must have established sense of industry, they must be confident that they have parental support
Select all of the important aspects needed to make a transition from early adolescence to adulthood:
emerging adulthood; adolescence
Identity achievement is more likely to occur in ____________ than in _____________.
"MAMA" cycles
Many individuals who have achieved an identity go through additional crisis and subsequent identity achievement in a process referred to as:
parents
Persistent conflicts with _____________ and adolescents have been linked to less positive identity development.
self-assertion
Individuality consists of two-dimensions: self-_______________ and separateness.
Connectedness
______________ also consists of two dimensions; mutuality and permeability.
romantic relationships
An individual that is comfortable with close friends and contributes to the friendship is linked to quality friendships and _____________ relationships.
ethnic identity
An enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership is an ethnic group, along with attitudes and feelings to that membership, is called ________________ _________________.
is accomplished in bits and pieces.
According to contemporary identity theory, identity development
diffusion
Identity ______________ refers to the state in which individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis and have not made a commitment.
achievement
Identity _____________ refers to an individual who experienced a crisis and made a commitment.
in emerging adulthood
When is identity achievement more likely to occur?
work, peers, school
Which of the following are parts of a microsystem? (select all that apply)
reciprocal socialization
Children and parents socialize one another. This is called:
parent-infant synchrony
Early mutual gazing or eye contact between parents and infant is known as:
immigration
A major change in families in the United States has been the ________________ of Latino and Asian families.
cohabitation
Living together in a sexual relationship without being married is called a _______________.
spend time together, evaluate compatibility, share expenses
A study revealed that young adults' main reasons for cohabitation are which of the following? (select all that apply)
exceeded
In 2009, for the first time in history, the proportion of single individuals ages 25-34 who had never been married _____________ those who were married.
6
Gotten developed ____________ main principles to determine whether a marriage will work.
emotion stress and physical stress
Which of the following types of stress are reduced for people in happy marriages? (select all that apply)
married
A longitudinal study of adults 75 years and older revealed that individuals who were ______________ were less likely to die during a 70 year time span.
verbal, physically, or emotional abuse; alcohol or drug abuse; cheating
Select all of the following that are causes of divorce according to women:
higher than average
One study revealed that over the course of 10 years go cohabitation, partners in gay and lesbian relationships showed a(n) _______________ level of relationship quality compared to heterosexual relationships.
setting up routines and schedules, structuring the family environment, monitoring and encouraging academic progress
The role of parents as managers involves: (select all that apply)
monitoring
An important part of managerial role of parenting is effective parental ______________ which includes supervising adolescents' choice of social settings, activities, and friends.
be punitive or aloof, leave children to make their own rules
Baumrind argued that parents should NOT:
26%
In the United States, _____________ of parents of 3 and 4 year olds report using speaking frequently.
corporal punishment
What type of punishment has been linked to emotional problems, negative behavioral adjustment, adolescent depression, externalized problems, and juvenile delinquency?
True
True or false: Children may imitate the abusive behavior of their parents.
700,000
Approximately how many U.S. children are victims of child abuse?
neglect
The four main types of child maltreatment include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and child __________________.
Maintain control in some areas but provide freedom in areas where the adolescent has the necessary skills
What is the optimal approach for parents seeking to promote an adolescents' pursuit of autonomy?
early adolescence
Parent-adolescent conflict begins to increase during which period?
identity
One study found that adolescences who expressed disagreement with their parents explored independence and __________________ development more actively than adolescents who did not express disagreement with their parents.
as adolescents mature, they detach themselves from their parents; parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence
What were features of the parent-adolescent relationship according to the old model? (Select all that apply)
2
With the rate of employment for mothers on the rise in the U.S., statistics show that one in every ____________ mothers with children under the age of 5 are in the labor force.
false
True or false: Children of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping and hold less egalitarian view than children of mothers who stay home.
a harmonious relationship between the divorced parents; the use of an authoritative parenting style
Which key elements are important in improving the adjustment of children of divorce?
adoption
___________ is the social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons not related by birth.
cohabitation, divorce, few remarriages
What factors have lead to a decline in marriage rates in the U.S.?
Individuals in happy marriages ten to live longer than those in unhappy marriages
Which of the following is true of martial satisfaction?
jest feel out of love, different values/lifestyles, cheating
Select all of the that are causes for divorce according to men:
managers
in middle and late childhood, parents begin to function more as _______________.
obedience and increased attention
Spanking has bee associated with all of the following childhood behaviors, except:
a child to avoid the parent, a child to fear the parent, a child to imitate the parent
Spanking can cause:
They can facilitate an adolescent's transition from being dependent on parents to becoming an autonomous person.
How can everyday conflicts benefit an adolescent's development?
detach
According to the old model, as teenagers grow up they naturally ______________ (attach/detach) from their parents.
uninvolved
Match the description to the corresponding parenting style:
neglectful parenting
restrictive, punitive, firm limits and controls
Match the description to the corresponding parenting style:
authoritative parenting
highly involved, but few demands or controls
Match the description to the corresponding parenting style:
authoritarian parenting
encourages independence, verbal give-and-take, nurturing
Match the description to the corresponding parenting style:
indulgent parenting
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