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| What were some effects of global trade increase? | Increases cultural, biological, and technological diffusion across Afro-Eurasia |
| 2.1 MCQ #1: Which statement about China and trade does this passage best support? | Trade between Europe and Cathay was greatly enhanced by the security established by the Mongol empire. |
| 2.1 MCQ #2: Which development was the turning point that led to the expansion of trade between Asia and Europe? | The conquest by Mongols, which led to improved trade routes and reduced trading costs. |
| 2.1 MCQ #3: Which objects or ideas was the author most likely writing about that represented continuity or change in Chinese trade? | Silver, gems, and gold went from Europe to China; silk, paper, and gunpowder went from China to Europe |
| 2.1 SAQ a) Describe ONE example of money economies that affected Silk Road trade during the periods c. 1200 - c. 1450. | The use of paper money / currencies affected the Silk road (known as flying cash) because it was much easier to transport as opposed to coins. Coins tended to be much heavier and unwieldy to transport. |
| 2.1 SAQ b) Describe ONE example of commercial practice that affected Silk Roads trade during the period c. 1200 - c. 1450. | The development of money economies whereas a trader will trade with money instead of bartering with goods. It provided convenience towards the merchants |
| 2.1 SAQ c) Explain ONE example of cultures spreading between the East and the West. | As commerce and trade occurred in the silk roads, cultures dispersed and spread in several ways. For example, Buddhism, Christianity, and Hinduism were all spread along the Silk Road. |
| 2.3 MCQ #1 The map helps explain why South Asian merchants preferred to travel... | to Africa in the winter months |
| 2.3 MCQ #2 Since merchants were often delayed in foreign ports for lengthy periods of time, they frequently... | married wives who often converted to their religion |
| 2.3 MCQ #3 The coastal cities of Mombasa, Sofala, and Mogadishu often exported... | slaves, ivory, and gold |
| 2.3 SAQ a) explain ONE cause of expanded trade in the Indian Ocean basin in the period c. 1200 - c. 1450. | One cause of expanded trade was the knowledge of the dangerous monsoons, winds and storms that occurred in the Indian Ocean. It was essential that merchants knew about the monsoons so that they could plan their voyages carefully and accordingly. |
| 2.3 SAQ b) Explain ONE effect of expanded trade in the Indian Ocean basin in the period c. 1200 - c. 1450. | As trade expanded, merchants began leaving their home lands and travelling to distant lands as they waited for weather to be in their favor, causing diasporic communities to hatch. This led to much cultural diffusion as well. |
| 2.3 SAQ c) Explain the relationship between the expansion of maritime trade in the Indian Ocean Basin in the period c. 1200 - c. 1450 and the expansion of trade over the land routes of the Silk Roads. | Both trades involved exchange of culture and goods along east to west, as well as cultural diversity among merchants. Merchants greatly helped spread ideas and cultures along the Silk Road as well. |
Indian Ocean Trade Continued From Previous Periods in History
By the 13th century, Indian Ocean trade had taken place continuously for thousands of years and was responsible for commerce and the exchange of cultures.
Maritime commerce in the Indian Ocean has a history spanning thousands of years and continues today. The exchange network is vast, stretching over 13,000 miles from the East Coast of Africa to the South China Sea.
Goods moved through a relay trade system that passed goods between multiple merchants before they reached their destination.
Traded goods included spices, silks, jewels, minerals, textiles, and carvings.
Trade was self-regulating. No single power controlled it.
Boats shipped bulk quantities, making maritime goods cheaper than goods moved over land.
Cultures like Buddhism and Islam also spread along the trade routes.
Traders from the Middle East, India, Indonesia, and China migrated and set up communities throughout the Indian Ocean.
Quick facts: the Indian Ocean exchange network
Video: Indian Ocean commerce
New Financial and Commercial Practices Increased Indian Ocean Trade
Like on land-based trade routes, the spread of new financial and banking practices encouraged trade by making commerce safer and more efficient for merchants and consumers.
New financial practices helped expand trade on land-based and maritime trade networks. These practices supported commerce in a few ways. For one, they made economic transactions easier and quicker. They also provided security for transactions that lowered risks for merchants.
Banking services
While banking was not new during this period, access to banking services became more formalized and available to increased numbers of merchants across Asia. Banking services allowed merchants to store and move large sums of money without always having to have the money physically.
Promissory notes and credit
During the Chinese Tang Dynasty (618-907), merchants began depositing money with bank-like agents who held their money. Merchants received a piece of paper with their deposit amount written. The paper was a promise to the merchant that they could receive their deposit back at a later date. Over time, merchants began exchanging these papers for goods instead of using physical currency.
Paper money
For much of early history, most currencies were made of various metals. This made them expensive and beyond the reach of most poor people who had to barter for what they needed. Paper money originated in China during the Song dynasty. Paper money was cheap to produce and increased the amount of money available in the Chinese economy, which grew the Chinese economy. Growth led to increased imports into China and exports from China onto international trade routes.
New financial systems and technologies make trade and commerce easier leading to economic growth. Modern financial systems include systems like Apple and Google payments and cryptocurrencies.
Technological innovations Increased Trade in the Indian Ocean
New technologies helped merchants more safely navigate across the Indian Ocean.
New or improved maritime technologies made trade across the Indian Ocean safer, quicker, and more profitable.
The magnetic compass
The magnetic compass originated in China. While its discovery date is unknown, it first showed in historical records in the 11th century. By the 12th century, European merchants had acquired the technology from Islamic merchants.
The astrolabe
Astrolabes helped mariners determine their location on the earth’s surface using the position of the sun and the stars. First invented between 220 and 150 BCE, Muslim scholars improved the device’s accuracy between the 8th and 15th centuries.
New ship designs
Between the 10th and 15th centuries, ship technology throughout Afro-Eurasia improved to allow for larger, faster, and more stable ships. In China, during the Song dynasty, the junk was developed with sails that could be raised and lowered in sections and had adjustable angles. These sail innovations allowed the ship to adjust better to changing wind directions. Javanese sailors from Southeast Asia traveled in djongs, which were large enough to carry bulk cargo. Djongs were designed for rough seas and took shipments as far as Ghana on the Northwest African coast.
Governments Supported Indian Ocean Trade
Powerful trading states arose across the Indian Ocean. These trading states gained wealth and power by supporting Indian Ocean commerce.
The Indian Ocean region had many trading states that actively supported the growth of commerce.
Created employment for the artisan and peasant classes
Provided the ruling and elite classes with luxury goods
Reasons leaders supported trade
Important trading states
Large states developed that relied on Indian Ocean trade for their wealth, power, and influence.
Srivijaya
Srivijaya was a Buddhist monarchy on the Indonesian archipelago (islands) and Malay peninsula. Srivijaya was at the peak of its power between the 9th and 11th centuries. It was a maritime empire that derived its wealth from gold, the trade of spices like nutmeg and cloves, and the taxing of trade that moved through the Strait of Malacca.
The Sultanate of Malacca
Srivijaya weakened and fragmented into various independent kingdoms after attacks by the Indian Chola Empire. The Hindu Prince Parameswara founded the Sultanate of Malacca in 1402 on the Malay peninsula. He married an Islamic princess and formed close relationships with wealthy and influential Islamic merchants. These merchants supported his monarchy. While he remained a Hindu during his life, Parameswara’s descendants converted to Islam and transformed the kingdom into an Islamic sultanate. Like Srivijaya, the Sultanate of Malacca’s gained wealth from the trade of spices and tax revenue collected from commerce passing through the Strait of Malacca.
Gujarat
Gujarat was an important transit and production center along the Northwest Indian coast. The trading cities of Gujarat were the chief suppliers of commercial goods to North India. The Gujarati trading community primarily consisted of Muslims who had settled in the area. Merchants in these cities bought and sold goods from Swahili city-states, Malacca, and China. Major Gujarati exports included cotton textiles, opium, pearls, wormwood, and spices. Major imports included copper, gold, ivory, silver, and enslaved people.
The Swahili city-states
Indian Ocean trading connections transformed Africa’s east coast from a primarily agricultural farming system and fishing villages to a vital hub on global trading networks. Over time, many of these small villages along the Indian Ocean coast developed into powerful trading city-states. Islam transformed Swahili and became the city-states’ dominant belief system as Islamic traders interacted and settled within the region.
- Traders rode the monsoon winds in the winter bringing imported goods from Asia, such as cotton from India and porcelains from China, before riding the monsoon winds back to Asia in the summer with raw materials and African products.
- Exported goods often came from Africa’s interior regions, including gold, iron goods, leopard skins, and enslaved people.
Commercial wealth is important in building state power. The Song dynasty, the Mongol Empire, the Abbasid Caliphate, and Mali and Songhai in Africa were all wealthy due to trade connections.